Disorder of Eyes
GROUP 2
RED OR PAINFUL EYE
CORNEAL ABRASIONS
Corneal abrasions are common eye injuries caused
by scratches or cuts on the cornea's surface, often
from dust, debris, or improper contact lens use.
Symptoms include pain, blurred vision, light
sensitivity, and foreign-body sensation. Diagnosis
involves a fluorescein eye stain test.
Treatment includes antibiotic eye drops, pain relief,
and avoiding contact lens use.
Prevention methods include wearing eye protection,
proper contact lens care, and maintaining trimmed
fingernails. Most corneal abrasions heal within days,
but severe cases can lead to complications like
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
Subconjunctival hemorrhage is a condition characterized by a red
spot on the white part of the eye due to a broken blood vessel. It is
usually harmless and often heals on its own within two weeks, with
the color changing from bright red to yellow as the blood is
absorbed.
Common causes include coughing, sneezing, rubbing the eye, or
trauma to the eye. Less common causes include blood clotting
disorders or other blood problems affecting the whole body.
Treatment is typically not necessary, but artificial tears can help
relieve eye irritation. If the hemorrhage is caused by an underlying
condition, it may require specific treatment. Most subconjunctival
hemorrhages heal without complications, but if they occur
frequently or are accompanied by pain or vision problems, further
testing may be necessary to identify an underlying cause
PINGUECULA
A pinguecula is a yellowish, raised growth on
the conjunctiva, often near the nose side of the
eye, caused by sun exposure and
environmental factors like wind and dust.
It may contain protein, fat, or calcium deposits
and is usually harmless, but can cause
redness, irritation, or affect vision if severe.
Treatment involves lubricating eye drops, with
surgery rarely needed. Prevention includes UV
protection and maintaining eye moisture
BLEPHARITIS
Blepharitis is a common eye condition characterized by
redness, thickening, and flakey or scaly crusting along the
eyelids and eyelashes.
It can be caused by multiple issues, including poor hygiene,
seasonal allergies, ocular rosacea, make-up overuse,
infections, infestations, acute allergies, trauma, and toxicity.
Blepharitis can be either chronic or acute, and it is often
associated with other eye conditions, such as dry eye
disease, hordeola (eyelid styes), ocular rosacea, madarosis
(loss of eyelashes), trichiasis (misdirected eyelashes),
bacterial conjunctivitis, viral conjunctivitis, allergic
conjunctivitis, contact dermatitis, keratitis, Demodex
infestation, and Phthiriasis palpebrarum infestation.
DACRYOCYSTITIS
Dacryocystitis is an infection or inflammation of the
nasolacrimal sac, often due to blockage of the nasolacrimal
duct.
It can be acute or chronic, with symptoms like pain,
redness, swelling, and discharge from the eye. T
reatment involves antibiotics, warm compresses, and
surgical interventions like dacryocystorhinostomy for
chronic cases.
The success rate of surgical procedures varies, with
external dacryocystorhinostomy having a success rate of
around 95%. Early surgery may help resolve infections
more quickly, preventing complications like lacrimal fistulas
or abscesses.
CONJUNCTIVITIS
It is the most common cause of a red, irritated eye.
It involves inflammation of the conjunctiva, typically
causing minimal pain and slight reduction in visual
acuity.
The most common viral cause is adenovirus
infection.
Symptoms: Watery discharge, mild foreign body
sensation, photophobia
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
It is a common condition often mistaken for infectious
conjunctivitis. It involves inflammation of the
conjunctiva due to allergic reactions
Causes: Exposure to allergens such as dust mites,
certain chemicals, leads to the release of histamines
causing the blood vessels in conjunctiva to swell,
resulting in redness, itching and tearing
Symptons; Itching, redness, [Link] eyelids,
and a gritty feeling in the eyes. Unlike viral or bacterial
conjunctivitis, this one is not contagious.
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA
Also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition characterized by inadequate
tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to insufficient
lubrication and moisture on the eye’s surface
Causes: Disorders involving lacrimal glands (Sjorgen syndrome) , radiation
therapy, lesions affecting cranial nerves V or VII
Symptons: Burning sensation, redness, blurred vision, injection,
photophobia
KERATITIS
It is the inflammation of the cornea, the clear, dome
shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.
Can be caused by various factors, including infections,
underlying conditions, and contact lens wear. Infections
can be bacterial, fungal, or viral.
It poses a serious threat to vision due to the risk of
corneal clouding, scaring, and perforation.
Symptoms; eye pain, redness, blurred or decreased
vision, excessive tearing, and discharge, sensitivity to
light called photophobia,
In severe cases pus settles at the bottom of the anterior
chamber, giving rise to a hypopon.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
It is a viral infection caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus.
When it affects the ye, it can lead to a condition called
herpetic keratitis, which is a potentially serious infection of
the cornea
Herpetic keratitis is characterized by painful sores on the
cornea, inflammation, and potential vision loss, if left
untreated.
Symptoms: Eye pain redness, tearing, blurred vision, and the
appearance of small, painful sores on cornea or eyelids
HERPES ZOSTER VIRUS
Also known as shingles, is a viral infection
caused by the varicella-zoster virus that causes
chickenpox. When it reactivates, it can affect the
eye, leading to a condition called herpes
opthalmicus
Symptons: severe ye pain, redness, blurred
vision, sensitivity to light a rash around eye, and
in some cases the appearance of smallfluid filled
blisters
EPISCLERITIS
Episcleritis is an acute unilateral or bilateral inflammation of the
episclera, the thin layer of tissue between the conjunctiva and
sclera
Causes:- There are mainly four causes of episcleritis: an allergic
response, autoimmune, vascular disease, or infections.
Symptoms:- Redness.
Mild soreness or discomfort,Tearing,Light sensitivity.
ACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE
Acute angle closure (AAC), the process occurs suddenly with a
dramatic onset of symptoms, including blurred vision, red eye,
pain, headache, and nausea and vomiting.
Causes:- A main cause is pupillary block
ENDOPHTHALMITS
Endophthalmitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner coats of the eye, resulting from
intraocular colonization of infectious agents with exudation within intraocular fluids.
Causes:- Bacteria or fungi gets inside the eye from surgery, an injection into the eyeball or an
eye injury.
Symptoms:- Eye pain that keeps getting worse after surgery, an injection or injury to the eye. red
eyes. white or yellow pus or discharge from the eyes. swollen or puffy eyelids.
ANTERIOR UVEITIS
Anterior uveitis affects the iris at the front of the
eye. It's the most common type, and it's usually
less serious.
Causes: A variety of etiologies, including
infectious,non-infectious, and masquerade
diseases.
Symptoms:- Eye redness, pain, and sensitivity to
light (photophobia). Sometimes the vision is
reduced, but this varies.
POSTERIOR UVEITIS
Posterior uveitis is defined by lesions of the retina and
choroid and may include focal chorioretinal spots,
retinal whitening, retinal detachments, retinal
vasculitis, and optic nerve edema.
Causes :-Presumed ocular histoplasmosis, Certain
medications, Sarcoidosis.
Symptoms:-Reduced visual acuity (sharpness of
vision),Light sensitivity, Blurred or lost vision,Difficulty
seeing in the dark,Difficulty seeing color.
TRANSIENT OR SUDDEN
VISUAL LOSS
TRANSIENT OR SUDDEN VISUAL LOSS
AMAUROSIS FUGAX
"Amaurosis fugax" refers to a temporary loss of vision in one eye, often described as a "curtain coming down" over
the eye or as a "shade being drawn." It typically lasts for a few minutes and then resolves. The condition is caused by a
temporary reduction in blood flow to the retina or optic nerve, often due to a blockage in the small blood vessels that
supply the eye.
Amaurosis fugax is considered a transient ischemic attack (TIA) of the eye and is often a warning sign of an increased
risk for stroke. Therefore, prompt evaluation and management are crucial to prevent potential future vascular events.
ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a condition described as an acute, painless, monocular visual
loss. It typically occurs in older adults with systemic vascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and
hyperlipidemia. AION can be further classified into arteritic AION, associated with giant cell arteritis, and non-
arteritic AION, which is more common and typically associated with small-vessel disease. The diagnosis is
made clinically, often supported by characteristic optic disc edema on fundoscopy. Treatment focuses on
addressing underlying vascular risk factors and managing complications.
POSTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a less common but serious
condition characterized by acute, painless visual loss due to ischemia of the
posterior portion of the optic nerve. Unlike anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
(AION), PION typically affects both eyes and is often associated with
systemic hypotension or ischemic events such as hypotensive episodes
during surgery, cardiac arrest, or shock. Diagnosis is clinical, often supported
by characteristic visual field defects and optic disc pallor. Management
involves addressing underlying systemic conditions and optimizing perfusion
to the optic nerve. However, treatment options remain limited, and prognosis
for visual recovery can be poor.
OPTIC NEURITIS
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision
loss or disturbances. It's often associated with multiple sclerosis
(MS) but can occur independently. Symptoms include blurred
vision, eye pain, and loss of color vision. Diagnosis involves a
thorough eye exam and sometimes MRI imaging. Treatment may
include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and manage
symptoms. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent
permanent vision loss.
LEBER’S
HEREDITARY
OPTIC
NEUROPATHY
TOXIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Toxic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to visual impairment due to optic nerve
damage caused by a toxin.
Causes:-
*Alcohols: Commercial alcohol, Methanol, Ethylene glycol. * Antibiotics:
Chloramphenicol, Sulfonamides, Linezolid.
Symptoms:- Loss of central or paracentral visual acuity. Reduced contrast
perception. General loss of color perception, particularly red. Photophobia.
Poor dark adaptation
PAPILLEDEMA
Papilledema is a disease entity that refers to the swelling of the optic disc due
to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP).
Causes:- Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Iron-deficiency anemia,
Medication usage,High blood pressure (malignant hypertension), Tumors.
Symptoms :-In patients with papilledema, vision is usually not affected initially,
but seconds-long graying out of vision, flickering, or blurred or double vision
may occur.
DISC DRUSEN
Disc drusen are composed of small proteinaceous
material that become calcified with advancing age.
Causes:-Fatty proteins and other substances form
the deposits in optic disc drusen, but scientists
don't know exactly why these substances collect
and harden.
Symptoms:- Having gray or blurry vision for short
time periods. Losing peripheral vision. Having white
or yellow lumps on your optic discs that an
ophthalmologist or other provider can see during
an examination.
VITREOUS DEGENERATION
Vitreous degeneration results in dark specks,
floaters seen as small moving dots or wispy dark
spots or lines, or flashing lights. During adulthood,
the vitreous humor that fills the eye becomes liquid
and condenses as the fibers shrink and cause
condensed vitreous material.
Causes:- Advancing age as the most common
cause. Intermediate and posterior uveitis which are
the inflammation in the anterior vitreous, ciliary body
and retina due to a variety of conditions, including
certain infections, autoimmune disease, or tumor.
Retinal detachment
Retinal detachment appears as an elevated sheet of retinal
tissue with folds. In this patient, the fovea was spared, so
acuity was normal, but an inferior detachment produced a
superior [Link] the detachment includes the fovea, there
is an afferent pupil defect and the visual acuity is reduced. In
most eyes, retinal detachment starts with a hole, flap, or tear
in the peripheral retina. The diagnosis is confirmed by
ophthalmoscopic examination of the dilated eye.
Classic Migraine
This usually occurs with a
visual aura lasting about 20 min. In a typical attack, a small central
disturbance in the field of vision marches toward the periphery,
leaving a transient scotoma in its wake.
Generally, they are
confined to either the right or the left visual hemifield, but sometimes,
both fields are involved simultaneously. Patients often have a long
history of stereotypic attacks. After the visual symptoms recede,
headache develops in most patients.
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Interruption of blood supply to the visual cortex causes a sudden fogging or
graying of vision, occasionally with flashing lights or other positive phenomena that
mimic migraine.
Stroke
Stroke occurs when interruption of blood supply from the
posterior cerebral artery to the visual cortex is prolonged. The only
finding on examination is a homonymous visual field defect that
stops abruptly at the vertical meridian.
Factitious (functional,nonorganic) visual loss
Functional Visual Loss (FVL) is a decrease in visual acuity and/or visual field
not caused by any organic lesion. It is therefore also called “nonorganic visual
loss” (NOVL).
The diagnosis is suspected when the history is atypical,
physical findings are lacking or contradictory, inconsistencies
emerge on testing, and a secondary motive can be identified. In our
litigious society, the fraudulent pursuit of recompense has spawned
an epidemic of factitious visual loss.
