Topic: Essay Writing

Learning Objectives
• The students will be able to:

• Understand the concept of unity

• Identify irrelevant sentences in a paragraph or an

essay

• Write relevant ideas and supporting details

Unity and coherence
• What is unity and what makes a paragraph
unified?
• Lets look at this burger.

• A burger is made of the upper part of the bread,

the ingredients, and the lower part of the bread.

• Similarly a paragraph has the topic sentence, the

supporting details, and the concluding sentence.
Unity and coherence
• Just like we can not hold the burger without
holding bread or the ingredients.

• A paragraph can not be complete without the

topic sentence, the ingredients, and the
concluding sentence.
Irrelevant Ideas
• Could we have pasta inside burger?

• What about oranges?

• What about some coffee burger?

• No!
Paragraph Unity
• Similarly in the paragraph we have a topic sentence
which includes the main idea that is the topic plus
the controlling idea.

• Then we have the supporting details, they might be

two, three, four or more.

• And at the end of paragraph there is a concluding

sentence.
Paragraph Unity
• All of these ideas inside the paragraph are
actually related to the controlling idea and the
main idea and the topic sentence.
• In addition the concluding sentence should also
be related to the topic sentence.
• Just like we can not have coffee, pasta, and
oranges in a burger, we can not have irrelevant
that is unrelated sentences or ideas in the
paragraph.
Paragraph Unity
• And this is what makes a paragraph unified.

• A unified paragraph focuses on one main idea

only.
What is the topic?
• The topic here is watching TV.

• The controlling idea is children’s schoolwork.

• Supporting Details: Getting behind in their

homework.

• Irrelevant Sentence/Idea: ?
Cohesion
• What is cohesion and how can we achieve it in
a paragraph?
Cohesion
• This burger looks very messy.
• Its ingredients that is supporting details are
totally unorganized and they don’t look tied
together.
• Similarly in a paragraph that lacks cohesion,
readers will be confused.
• They won’t understand what the idea is about
and what the paragraph is about, therefore, we
need cohesion.
Five Types of Cohesive Devices
Transitions/Linking Words/Connectives
Intro of Essay
• The introduction and conclusion do similar
things. They briefly introduce / summarise the
topic and explain how the question or issue will
be answered/has been answered. This is done
through a sentence (known as the ‘thesis
statement’) that directly addresses or answers
the essay topic.
Thesis statement
• A thesis statement is the main point of an
essay. It summarises the main aim of the essay
and tells the reader what to expect in terms of
an answer to the essay question (if it is given as
a question) or to outline the main point being
made.
Examples of Thesis Statement
• Vaccinations Because many children are unable to vaccinate due to
illness, we must require that all healthy and able children be
vaccinated in order to have herd immunity.
• Educational Resources for Low-Income Students Schools should
provide educational resources for low-income students during the
summers so that they don't forget what they've learned throughout
the school year.
• School Uniforms School uniforms may be an upfront cost for
families, but they eradicate the visual differences in income between
students and provide a more egalitarian atmosphere at school.
• Populism The rise in populism on the 2016 political stage was in
reaction to increasing globalization, the decline of manufacturing
jobs, and the Syrian refugee crisis.
• Public Libraries Libraries are essential resources for communities and
should be funded more heavily by local municipalities.
Examples of Thesis Statement

• Cyber Bullying With more and more teens using smartphones and social
media, cyber bullying is on the rise. Cyber bullying puts a lot of stress on
many teens, and can cause depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts.
Parents should limit the usage of smart phones, monitor their children's
online activity, and report any cyber bullying to school officials in order to
combat this problem.
• Work-Life Balance Corporations should provide more work from home
opportunities and six-hour workdays so that office workers have a better
work-life balance and are more likely to be productive when they are in the
office.
• Whether or Not to Attend University A degree from a university provides
invaluable lessons on life and a future career, but not every high school
student should be encouraged to attend a university directly after
graduation. Some students may benefit from a trade school or a "gap year"
where they can think more intensely about what it is they want to do for a
career and how they can accomplish this.
Examples of Thesis Statement

• Studying Abroad Studying abroad is one of the most culturally

valuable experiences you can have in college. It is the only way to get
completely immersed in another language and learn how other
cultures and countries are different from your own.
• Cigarette Tax Heavily taxing and increasing the price of cigarettes is
essentially a tax on the poorest Americans, and it doesn't deter them
from purchasing. Instead, the state and federal governments should
target those economically disenfranchised with early education
about the dangers of smoking.
• University Athletes Should be Compensated University athletes
should be compensated for their service to the university, as it is
difficult for these students to procure and hold a job with busy
academic and athletic schedules. Many student athletes on
scholarship also come from low-income neighborhoods and it is a
struggle to make ends meet when they are participating in athletics.
Examples of Thesis Statement

• Assisted Suicide Assisted suicide should be legal and doctors

should have the ability to make sure their patients have the
end-of-life care that they want to receive.
• Celebrity and Political Activism Although Taylor Swift's lyrics
are indicative of a feminist perspective, she should be more
politically active and vocal to use her position of power for
the betterment of society.
• The Civil War The insistence from many Southerners that the
South seceded from the Union for states' rights versus the
fact that they seceded for the purposes of continuing slavery
is a harmful myth that still affects race relations today.
Examples of Thesis Statement
• Blue Collar Workers Coal miners and other blue-collar workers
whose jobs are slowly disappearing from the workforce should be re-
trained in jobs in the technology sector or in renewable energy. A
program to re-train these workers would not only improve local
economies where jobs have been displaced, but would also lead to
lower unemployment nationally.
• Diversity in the Workforce Having a diverse group of people in an
office setting leads to richer ideas, more cooperation, and more
empathy between people with different skin colors or backgrounds.
• Re-Imagining the Nuclear Family The nuclear family was traditionally
defined as one mother, one father, and 2.5 children. This outdated
depiction of family life doesn't quite fit with modern society. The
definition of normal family life shouldn't be limited to two-parent
households.
Examples of Thesis Statement

• Digital Literacy Skills With more information

readily available than ever before, it's crucial
that students are prepared to examine the
material they're reading and determine
whether or not it's a good source or if it has
misleading information. Teaching students
digital literacy and helping them to understand
the difference between opinion or propaganda
from legitimate, real information is integral.
Essay on Business
• Business represents an organised effort by an
individual or group of individuals engaged in
making a living. It, therefore, includes all those
activities which involve production or purchase of
goods or rendering of certain services with the
object of selling them at a profit. It is expected of
business to provide goods and services to the
society in an effective manner.
• That is, while it should aim at earning profit, it
should also keep in view the interest of its
customers who should feel satisfied after they
have purchased goods or services from it. Only
then, a business can survive and flourish.
Essay on Business
• Though the term ‘business’ has been defined
by different authors in their own ways, there is
not much difference in the essence of their
definitions.

• For example- according to Urwick and Hunt,

“Business is any enterprise which makes,
distributes, or provides any article or service
which other members of the community need
and are able and willing to pay for.”
Essay on Business
• Almost the same views have been expressed by Davis when he
defines business as “the organised effort by individuals to produce
goods and services, to sell these goods and services in market place,
and to reap some reward for this effort.”

• Thus, business, on the one hand, aims at earning profit for itself and,
on the other, it provides required goods and services to the members
of the society at a price that they can afford. Therefore, Davis and
Blomstorm are very right when they say, “Business comprises all
profit-seeking activities and enterprises that provide goods and
services necessary to an economic system.” Thus, while profits are a
primary mechanism for motivating business activities, meeting needs
of the people is one of the main objectives of business.
Essay on Business
• Business is the economic pulse of a nation,
striving to improve the society’s standard of
living. Thus, business means the total
enterprise of a country in manufacturing,
industry, finance and commerce. It may be
public enterprise or a private enterprise or the
like.
Task 1
• Can you write an essay on Business Ethics?

• OR

• Can you write an essay on future of E-Commerce in Pakistan?

• OR

• Can you write an essay on the future of Online Education in Pakistan?

Thank You