Brain
Tumors
Presented By:MSCP-II(B)
Aqsa Sajid
Amna
Sidra
Hajira Kanwal
Zunaira Iqbal
Table of contents
What is Brain Tumor and Neurobehavioral
1 its Types? 4 Symptoms and their
Causes
Diagnosis Management
2 General Sign/Symptoms 5 and Prevention
3 Symptoms By Location in
Brain and Causes
Brain
Definition
A brain tumor is a collection, or
mass, of abnormal cells in your brain.
They can be cancerous (malignant)
or noncancerous (benign). That said,
both could be potentially life
threatening.
1
What is Brain
Tumor and Its
Types
What are Cancerous and Non-cancerous
Tumors?
Cancerous Tumors Non-cancerous Tumors
These tumors are also called These tumors are also called benign.
malignant or brain cancers. This kind of tumor grow slowly over
Brain cancer grow rapidly and time and don't typically spread to other
spread to other parts of CNS tissues. They also usually have more
and cause life-threatening clearly defined borders, making them
complications. easier to remove surgically, and they
don’t usually come back after
removal..
What are Cancerous and Non-cancerous
Tumors?
When benign or malignant tumors grow, they can cause
the pressure inside your skull to increase. This can cause
brain damage, and it can be life-threatening.
Prevalence of Brain Tumor
The annual global age-
standardized incidence of
primary malignant brain
tumors is ~3.7 per 100,000
for males and 2.6 per
100,000 for females
Rates appear to be higher more
developed countries (males, 5.8 and
females, 4.1 per 100,000) than in less
developed countries (males 3.0 and
females 2.1 per 100,000).
Main types brain tumors
Primary brain Secondary brain
tumors tumors
Tumors that starts in the brain are
Tumors that starts in
called primary brain [Link]
somewhere else(kidney,
tumors are categorized as glial
breast,colon etc) in the body
(composed of glial cells) or non-glial
and travel to the brain are
(developed on or in the structures of
called secondary brain
the brain, including nerves, blood
tumors or metastasis.
vessels and glands) and benign or
malignant.
Grades of Brain Tumors
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
The cells look nearly The cell look slightly The cells look The cells look most
normal and grow abnormal and grow abnormal and are abnormal and grow
slowly. Long-term slowly. The tumor actively growing into and spread quickly.
survival is likely. may spread to nearby nearby brain tissue.
tissues and can come These tumors tend to
back. Maybe at more come back.
life threatening grade.
Primary Brain tumors
More than 125 different types of brain tumors are known, most common
of them are follows as:
● Astrocytomas
● Meningiomas
● Oligodendrogliomas
Less common types of brain tumors are follows as:
● Ependymomas
● Mixed gliomas
● Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs)
● Mixed gliomas and neuronal tumors
Astrocytomas
These usually form in the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum.
They start in a common type of star-shaped cell called an
astrocyte. They can be any grade. They often cause seizures or
changes in behavior. Astrocytomas usually spread throughout the
brain and blend with other tissue. But not all of these tumors
behave the same. Some grow quickly, and some grow slowly. Not
all of them grow into other tissue.
Meningiomas
These are the most common primary
brain tumors in adults. They’re most
likely to happen in your 70s or 80s.
They start in the meninges, the lining
of the brain. They can be grade 1, 2, or
3. They’re often benign and grow
slowly.
Oligodendrogliomas
These form in the cells that make the
covering that protects nerves. They’re
usually grade 1, 2, or 3. They usually
grow slowly and don't spread.
Ependymomas
This rare cancer forms in your brain or spinal cord.
It starts in cells that line the ventricles (fluid-filled
spaces in the brain) as well as in the canal that
holds the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF). They can be fast-growing or slow-growing.
If they're fast-growing, they’re called anaplastic
ependymoma. These tumors spread along the CSF
but don’t spread into normal brain tissue. Nearly
half of ependymomas are diagnosed in kids under
age 3, but they can also affect adults.
Mixed Gliomas
These are made up of
more than one type of
cell. They can include
oligodendrocytes,astro
cytes and ependymal
cells
Mixed Gliomas and
Neuronal Tumors
These are made up of glial and neuronal
cells. They tend to affect children and
young adults. They include
ganglioglioma, pleomorphic
xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), and a
dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor
(DNET).
How serious are brain tumors?
Brain tumors — whether cancerous or not — can cause
serious problems. This is because your skull is rigid and
doesn’t provide room for the tumor to expand. Also, if a
tumor develops near parts of your brain that control vital
functions, it may cause symptoms, such as:
● Weakness.
● Difficulty walking.
● Problems with balance.
● Partial or complete loss of vision.
● Difficulty understanding or using language.
● Memory issues.
2
General Sign/
Symptoms of
Brain Tumor
What are the signs and
symptoms of brain tumors?
Some people who have a brain tumor experience no
symptoms, especially if it’s very small. Signs and
symptoms of a brain tumor vary depending on the
tumor location, size and type. They can include:
● Headaches that may be more severe in the
morning or wake you up at night.
● Seizures.
● Difficulty thinking, speaking or understanding
language.
● Personality changes.
Sign and symptoms of brain
tumor
● Weakness or paralysis in one part or one side
of your body.
● Balance problems or dizziness.
● Vision issues.
● Hearing issues.
● Facial numbness or tingling.
● Nausea or vomiting.
● Confusion and disorientation.
3
Symptoms by
Location in Brain
and Causes
Symptoms by Location in
Brain
Some people with brain tumors experience
general symptoms like headaches, seizures, and
fatigue.
Other symptoms can be more specific to the
location of the tumor in the brain.
Brain tumors can damage healthy tissue, press on
healthy brain tissue, or cause pressure in the
brain and negatively impact certain functions.
Symptoms by Location in Brain
Brain tumors in the front Brain tumors in the Brain tumors in the back
of the brain. middle of the brain of the brain
● They control thinking The parietal lobes are in the
upper middle part of the ● The occipital lobes
and movement. are in the back of the
● Balance problems brain. They help process
information about touch, brain. They control
and trouble walking. vision
● Personality changes, taste, smell, vision and
hearing. ● . Occipital lobe brain
such as forgetfulness tumors can cause
and lack of interest in Parietal lobe brain tumors
can cause problems related vision loss.
usual activities.
to the senses.
● Vision problems
● Hearing problems.
Symptoms by Location in Brain
Brain tumors in the lower part of the brain
● The temporal lobes are on the sides of the
brain. They process memories and senses.
● Memory problems.
● They might cause someone to see, taste or
smell something that isn’t there.
● Sometimes the taste or smell is unpleasant or
unusual.
Causes and Risk Factors
Exposure to ionizing
Age
radiations
Gender-specific
hormones Stress
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exposure to
Gender
infections, allergens
and virus
History Exposure to
electromagnetic field
4
Neurobehavioral
Symptoms and their
Possible Causes in
Brain Tumors
Neurobehavioral Symptoms of Brain Tumor
Brain tumors and their treatments can cause a
number of mood, behavioral or cognitive symptoms
that present or overlap like mental health disorders.
These are also called neurobehavioral symptoms.
These are follows as:
● Abusive Behavior ( emotional, physical or
verbal)
● Aggression
● Anger or anxiety
● Apathy (a lack of concern, motivation or
interest)
● Confusion
Neurobehavioral Symptoms of Brain Tumor
● Coping (adjustment) Difficulty
● Delirium( a sudden change in mental status including confusion)
● Delusions( beliefs that contradicts reality)
● Depression
● Flight risk (A tendency to leave one’s environment suddenly without notifying others)
● Grandiosity (A sense of superiority; sometimes associated with mania/hypomania)
● Hallucination (Hearing, seeing, or smelling something that isn’t there)
● Impulsivity/Disinhibition (e.g., spending, sexual behavior): Acting with little or no
forethought or consideration of consequences; lack of restraint
● Insomnia and sleep-wake cycle disorder: Can include staying awake at night or sleeping in
the day
Neurobehavioral Symptoms of Brain Tumor
● Profound personality change: Exaggeration of underlying personality traits or the
development of new ones
● Rage: Violent, uncontrollable anger
● Paranoia: An unwarranted belief that others intend to cause harm, sometimes accompanied
by unreasonable self-importance
● Psychosis: A general term for loss of contact with reality; may include delusion or
hallucination
● Social withdrawal: Less involvement in social activities
● Suicidal behavior: Can include a number of behaviors including talking about wanting to die
and gestures toward harming oneself
● Violent behavior: Physical, sexual, or emotional attacks
Causes of Neurobehavioral Symptoms
Neuropsychiatric symptoms related to a brain tumor often have several causes. They are
often a combination of:
● Tumor location (e.g. frontal lobes and medial frontal structures) >
● Injury caused by the tumor – and its treatments – in the anatomic area affected by the
tumor
● Age and general health
Other health issues and their treatments,Common examples include:
● Corticosteroid medications (e.g., dexamethasone)
● Anti-epileptic medications (e.g., levetiracetam)
● Biochemical and electrical changes in brain due to tumor
● Changes in brain due to treatment side effects
● Elevated intracranial pressure
● Changes in cytokine levels
● Family history of psychiatric disease
5
Diagnosis and
management of
Brain Tumors
How Brain Tumors are Diagnosed?
The healthcare provider may also perform a
neurological exam, which involves in looking for
changes in:
● Balance and coordination
● Mental status
● Hearing and vision
● Reflexes
These changes can point to the part of brain that may
be affected by a tumor
How Brain Tumors are Diagnosed?
Diagnosing a brain tumor can be a complicated process and
may involve several specialists. In some cases, though,
healthcare providers may discover a brain tumor when
performing imaging tests for another medical issue.
If someone is experiencing a brain tumor, the healthcare
provider take physical exam that include:
● Symptoms
● Past and current health conditions
● Current medications
● Surgeries and medical treatments
● Family medical history
What Tests will be done to Diagnose Brain
Tumor?
Several Tests are done by the healthcare provider to diagnoses
brain tumor.
● Brain MRI or CT scan
● Biopsy
● Spinal tape (lumbar puncture)
● Specialized tests
Management and Treatment
Brain tumor treatment depends on several factors, including:
● The tumor’s location, size and type.
● The number of tumors.
● Age of patient
● overall health of the patient
Benign (noncancerous) brain tumors can usually be successfully removed with
surgery and don’t usually grow back. It often depends on if neurosurgeon can
safely remove all of the tumor.
Treatments that are fairly well tolerated by the brains of adults, such as radiation
therapy, may prevent the normal development of a child’s brain, especially in
children younger than age five.
Management and Treatment
Healthcare providers often use a combination of therapies to treat a tumor. Your
treatment options might include:
● Radiation therapy
● Brain surgery (craniotomy)
● Radiosurgery
● Brachytherapy
● Chemotherapy
● Immunotherapy
● Targeted therapy
● Watchful waiting/active surveillance
● Shunts
● Drugs such as mannitol and corticosteroids
● Palliative care
Prevention of Brain Tumor
Preventing brain tumors is a complex and multifaceted topic, as the exact causes of many
brain tumors are still not fully understood. However, here are some potential ways to
reduce the risk of developing a brain tumor:
1. Genetic counseling: If you have a family history of brain tumors, consider genetic
counseling to assess your risk.
2. Avoid exposure to radiation: High doses of radiation, such as those from radiation
therapy or nuclear fallout, can increase the risk of brain tumors.
3. Use a cell phone responsibly: While the evidence is still limited, some studies suggest
that long-term cell phone use may increase the risk of certain types of brain tumors.
Prevention of Brain Tumor
4. Wear a helmet: Head injuries, particularly those that involve skull fractures or
concussions, may increase the risk of developing a brain tumor.
5. Maintain a healthy lifestyle: A balanced diet, regular exercise, and not smoking
may help reduce the risk of brain tumors.
6. Avoid exposure to certain chemicals: Some chemicals, such as those used in some
pesticides and solvents, have been linked to an increased risk of brain tumors.
7. Get vaccinated against certain viruses: Some viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr
virus, have been linked to an increased risk of certain types of brain tumors.
8. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption may
increase the risk of certain types of brain tumors.
Any Questions?
Thank You
