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PREAMBLE
“How do you feel today?”
• What is one thing that always makes you feel better when you're feeling sad
or stressed?
• How do you deal with difficult emotions like anger or frustration?
• What makes you feel bored?
PLAN
DEFINITION
PROCESS
THEORIES OF EMOTIONS
DEFINITION
The word emotions means' to move'
A state characterized by , involving
• Physiological arousal
• Expressive behaviors (changes in Facial expressions, Gestures, Body
Posture)
• Subjective feelings
An emotion is a mental and
physiological state associated
with a wide variety of feelings,
thoughts and behavior.
Emotions are subjective
experiences, or experienced
from an individual point of
view.
DEFINITION
Emotion = PC+EE+EF
• Physiological Changes (PC)---Changes in body functions
• Emotional Expression (EE)---Outward signs that an emotion is
occurring
• Emotional Feeling (EF)---The private, subjective experience of having
an emotion.
Study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and
facial expressions---Kinesics (Body Language)
Mood
• A mood is the mildest form of Emotion
Moods are low intensity emotional states that can last for many hours,
or even days.
The brain and Emotion
Emotions can be either
negative in the right
Positive emotions are processed
side
mainly in the left hemisphere
An area in brain called Amygdala is responsible for producing emotions. People
who suffer from any damage to Amygdala, become blind to emotions.
PRIMARY EMOTIONS
Robert Plutchik (2003) has identified eight basic emotions, and
these are:
Fear
Surprise
Sadness
Disgust
Anger
Anticipation
Joy
Acceptance
PROCESS
Physiological Changes During Emotions
When we experience an intense emotions, such as fear or anger, we are
aware of number of bodily changes. For example:
rapid heart beat Breathing,
dryness of the throat and mouth,
increased muscle tension Perspiration,
trembling of the extremities and sinking feeling in the stomach.
PROCESS
Physiological Changes During Emotions
Sympathetic system is responsible for the following changes:
• Blood Pressure and heart rate increase,
• Respiration becomes more rapid,
• The pupils of the eye expand.
THEORIES OF EMOTIONS
Theories of Emotions Psychologists and physiologists have all worked to
formulate some general principles to guide us in thinking about the emotions.
Some of these theories are discussed here.
1. James- Lange theory
2. Cannon- Bard theory
3. Schachter Singer theory
James- Lange theory
James Lang theory It combined the ideas of William James and Danish physiologist Carl
Lange, who largely independently arrived at the same conclusion, was proposed in 1884.
Theory states that “Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological
responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
"The perception of bodily changes as they occur is the emotion ".
The sequence is as follows: Event ==> Simultaneous arousal or physiological
changes ==> emotion
Cannon Bard theory
The Cannon-Bard theory is a psychological theory developed by
physiologists Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. It was formulated after
James Land theory of emotion. Cannon and Bard (1929) rejected the
James Lang theory.
Cannon Bard theory
It States that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers:
A. Physiological responses
B. The subjective experience of emotion. People feel emotions first and
then act upon them.
They both proposed that when we perceive an environmental stimulus
during emotion, the thalamus in the brain reacts. According to the
theory, after an emotion inducting stimulus is perceived, the thalamus is
the initial site of the emotional response. In turn, the thalamus sends a
signal , and communicates a message to the cerebral cortex regarding
the nature of emotion being experienced.
Schachter-Singer Theory
Also called Two Factor theory of emotion .This theory emphasized that we
identify the emotion we are experiencing by observing our environment and
comparing ourselves with others. In other words given a state of arousal ,we
experience the emotion that seems appropriate to the situation in which we
find ourselves.
