GROUTING
WHAT IS
GROUTING?
Grouting is the process of injecting material into cavities or
cracks in concrete, masonry structure, soil, rock-mass to increase
the structure’s load-bearing capacity refers to grouting and the
material used for this objective is called grout. A mixture of
cement, sand, and water or chemical helps to fill gaps refers to
grout. it is used to repair concrete cracks, filling gaps in tiles,
sealing joints and gaps filling for waterproofing and also for soil
stabilization.
Grouting is also done for providing additional strength to the
foundation of load bearing structures.
TYPES OF GROUTING
CLASSIFIE
APPLICATIO
D MATERIA
•
• N
PERMEATION GROUTING
COMPACTON GROUTING
•
• L
CEMENT GROUT
CHEMICAL GROUT
• JET GROUTING • RESIN GROUT
• ROCK/FISSURE GROUTING • BENTONITE GROUT
• COMPENSATION GROUTING • BITUMINOUS GROUT
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
APPLICATION:
• PERMEATION
IT IS A TYPE OF GROUTING IN WHICH GROUT IS INJECTED INTO THE
GROUTING
SOIL TO FILL THE PORES AND JOINTS WITHOUT DISTURBING THE
SOIL’S STRUCTURE AND VOLUME. THUS IT PERMEATES COARSE AND
GRANULAR SOILS CREATING A CEMENTED MASS.
Various types of binders are used in this grouting technique, the choice mainly
depends upon the permeability of soil. It is also known as cement grouting or
pressure grouting.
When the coefficient of permeability is greater than 10^-2 cm/sec, water-cement
mixes are used and for permeability as low as 10^-5 cm/sec, expensive resin-based
grouts are used. Soils with K values lower than 10^-6 cm/sec are normally not
groutable by permeation method.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
APPLICATION:
• COMPACTION
GROUTING
THIS TYPE OF GROUTING INVOLVES INJECTING A THICK CONSISTENCY
OF SOIL-CEMENT GROUT UNDER PRESSURE INTO THE SOIL MASS,
CONSOLIDATING AND THEREBY STABILIZING SURROUNDING SOILS.
THE GROUT MIX IS DESIGNED IN A WAY SO THAT IT DOES NOT
PERMEATE THE SOIL VOIDS OR MIX WITH THE SOIL. INSTEAD, IT
DISPLACES THE SOIL INTO WHICH IT IS INJECTED.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
APPLICATION:
• JET GROUTING
IN THIS TYPE OF GROUTING, HIGH-VELOCITY FLUID JET IS USED TO
PHYSICALLY DISRUPT THE GROUND. THE SOIL IS ERODED AND GROUT
IS MIXED WITH THE SOIL DURING THE PROCESS AND THEREBY
IMPROVING IT. IT IS MORE COSTLY THAN PERMEATION GROUTING.
THERE ARE THREE SYSTEMS OF JET GROUTING: SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND
TRIPLE JET SYSTEMS.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
NOW BASED ON WHAT SYSTEM OF FLUID IS EMPLOYED FOR
APPLICATION:
THE GROUTING PROCESS, THE METHOD OF JET GROUTING
VARIES. MAINLY THE AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES ARE GROUPED
IN THREE MAIN JET GROUTING SYSTEM MAINLY:
• SINGLE (GROUT)
• DOUBLE (AIR + GROUT)
• TRIPLE FLUID SYSTEM (WATER + AIR + GROUT)
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF FLUIDS EMPLOYED THE JET
GROUTING STRINGS ARE MADE UP OF DIFFERENT TYPES
OF DIFFERENT PIPE TYPES AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
APPLICATION:
• ROCK/FISSURE GROUTING
ROCK GROUTING IS FULLY OR PARTLY FILLING FISSURES, FRACTURES,
OR JOINTS IN A ROCK MASS BY GROUT INJECTION WITHOUT
CREATING NEW OR OPENING EXISTING FRACTURES.
The grout is injected under pressure through a gap drilled into the rock mass for
treatment. This type of grouting is normally done in fissured rock to reduce the flow
of water along the joints.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
APPLICATION:
• COMPENSATION
GROUTING
IN COMPENSATION OR FRACTURE GROUTING, CEMENT SLURRY
GROUT IS INJECTED INTO THE SOIL WITH EXCESSIVE PRESSURE TO
FORM ROOT-LIKE OR SKINNY LENSES WITHIN THE SOIL MASS.
The root-like lenses compact the nearby soil and help to lift the overlying soil and
structures. It considerably increases the density of soil mass and its macroscopic
strength.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
• CEMENT
GROUTING
CEMENT GROUTING, ALSO KNOWN AS CEMENTITIOUS GROUTING OR
PRESSURE GROUTING, IS A PROCESS IN WHICH A FLUID
CEMENTITIOUS GROUT IS PUMPED UNDER PRESSURE TO FILL FORMS,
VOIDS, AND CRACKS.
THIS TECHNIQUE CAN BE APPLIED IN VARIOUS SETTINGS, INCLUDING
BRIDGES, MARINE APPLICATIONS, DAMS, AND ROCK ANCHORS. The
resulting grouted mass exhibits increased strength, stiffness, and reduced
permeability
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
CEMENT GROUTING ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED AS:
• SANDED GROUT
• UNSANDED/ NON-SANDED GROUT
• LATEX MODIFIED GROUT
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
• CHEMICAL
GROUTING
CHEMICAL GROUTING UTILIZES CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS TO FILL GAPS
AND VOIDS. IT IS EFFECTIVE FOR REPAIRING PAVEMENT, GROUND
BELOW FOUNDATIONS, AND SEALING JOINTS IN SUBMERGED
STRUCTURES LIKE TUNNELS AND CANALS.
Chemical grouts are versatile and can be used in various ground conditions
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
USEFUL TYPES OF CHEMICAL GROUTING:
• EPOXY GROUT
• FURAN GROUT
• ACRYLIC GROUT
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
• RESIN
GROUTING
RESIN GROUTING INVOLVES INJECTING RESIN-BASED MATERIALS
INTO CRACKS OR VOIDS. IT PROVIDES EXCELLENT ADHESION TO
CONCRETE, HAS A HIGH RATE OF STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT, AND IS
SUITABLE FOR LIMITED SPACE AND LOW HEADROOM APPLICATIONS.
Resin grouting is commonly used for fixing tendons in prestressed concrete
construction.
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
• BENTONITE
GROUTING
BENTONITE GROUTING USES BENTONITE CLAY MIXED WITH WATER
TO CREATE A SEALANT. IT IS OFTEN USED FOR FILLING VOIDS
BETWEEN ROCK FACES AND LININGS IN TUNNEL WORK.
Bentonite grout is effective in controlling groundwater flow and seepage
TYPES OF GROUTING
BASED ON
MATERIAL:
• BITUMINOUS
GROUTING
BITUMINOUS GROUTING INVOLVES INJECTING BITUMEN-BASED
MATERIALS.
While less common, it can be used for specific applications where bitumen properti
es are advantageous
G1 GROUTING
this type of grout is generally for steel structures, towers,
ships, small pumps, and non-vibrating machinery, but the
precise application of the grout type to any location will be
according to the relevant drawing
G2 GROUTING
this type of grout will be used, in general, in prefabricated
concrete structures, compressors, and other heavy
equipment subject to vibration and for column bearing
plates of heavy structures
GROUTING PROCEDURES FOR REPAIR IN CRACKS IN
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
• Holes are drilled in structure along cracks and in an around hollow spots.
• If there are several cracks, holes can be drilled in a staggered manner at 500 to 750mm spacing in both directions
covering adequately the area proposed to be grouted. Holes spacing can be altered as per site conditions.
• G.I. pieces (12 to 20mm dia x 200mm) with one end threaded or PVC nozzles are fixed in the holes with rich
cement mortar.
• All the cracks and annular space around G.I. pipes are sealed with rich cement mortar.
• All the cracks are cut open to a ‘V’ shaped groove, cleaned & sealed with rich cement mortar.
• All the grout holes should be sluiced with water using the same equipment a day before grouting as per
following sequence; so as to saturate the masonry.
• All holes are first plugged with proper wooden plugs or locked in the case of PVC nozzles. The bottom most plug
and the two adjacent plugs are removed and water injected in the bottom most hole under pressure.
• When the clear water comes out through the adjacent holes the injection of water is stopped and the plugs in the
bottom most hole and the one immediately above are restored.
GROUTING PROCEDURES FOR REPAIR IN CRACKS IN
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
• The process of grouting of concrete cracks is repeated with other holes till all the holes are covered. On the day
of grouting all the plugs are removed to drain out excess water and restored before commencing grouting.
• The same sequence as described above is adopted for injecting the cement grout also. The grout is kept fully
stirred/ agitated under pressure throughout the grouting.
• The grouting is carried out till refusal and/ or till grout starts flowing from the adjacent hole. A proper record of
the quantity of grout injected into every hole should be maintained.
• After grouting, curing should be done for 14 days.
Tell tales are provided for checking the effectiveness
of grouting.
• Only such quantities of material for preparing grout
should be used, as can be used within 15 minutes of
its mixing. Grouting equipment must be cleaned
thoroughly after use.
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