LOGOSENTRISME:

POKOK PEMIKIRAN LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN

Rizal Mustansyir
 Peta pemikiranLudwig Wittgenstein I dan II
AtomismeLogis

Filsafat Bahasa Mazhab Analitika Bahasa Positivisme Logis

Ludwig Wittgenstein Filsafat Bahasa Biasa

Wittgenstein I Wittgenstein II

TRACTATUS LOGICO-
PHILOSOPHICUS PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Meaning is Logic of Language Meaning is in Use

Language Games
 Persoalan psikologi: makna dlm pikiran kita di saat
menggunakan bhs .

Persoalan epistemologi :relasi antara pikiran, bahasa,

dan sst yg diacu atau maknanya .

Persoalan kalimat: penggunaan kalimat seperti

menyampaikan kebenaran lebih utama drpd kesalahan

Persoalan acuan; apakah setiap kalimat hrs

mencerminkan satu fakta.

Persoalan logis, kondisi terbentuknya

simbolisme yg akurat, artinya setiap kalimat
mengandung arti yg terbatas dan pasti, meski
Bertrand Russell dlm kenyataannya, bhs biasanya kabur, apa yg
disampaikan tdk pernah benar-benar tepat.
Dalam
Tractatus: p.7-8
 Dalil–dalil Tractatus
1. THE WORLD IS EVERYTHING THAT IS THE CASE
2. WHAT IS THE CASE – A FACT – IS THE EXISTENCE OF
STATES OF AFFAIRS (ATOMIC FACT)
3. A LOGICAL PICTURE OF FACTS IS A THOUGHT.
4. A THOUGHT IS A PROPOSITION WITH A SENSE. THE
TOTALITY OF PROPOSITION IS LANGUAGE
5. A PROPOSITION IS A TRUTH-FUNCTION OF
ELEMENTARY PROPOSITIONS
6. THE GENERAL FORM OF A TRUTH-FUNCTION IS A
PROPOSITION.
7. WHAT WE CANNOT SPEAK ABOUT , WE MUST PASS
OVER IN SILENCE
20/05/2024
 ATOMIC FACT
(State of Affairs)

..2.02131: In
2.01: An atomic fact is a order to know an
combination of objects object, I must
(entities, things). know not its
external but all
its internal
2.012: In logic nothing is accidental; if a thing qualities.
can occur in an atomic fact the possibility of that
atomic fact must already be prejudged in the
thing.

2.0251: Space,
time, and colour 2.03: In the atomic
are forms of fact objects hang one
objects. in another, like the
links of a chain.

2.04: The totality of existent

atomic facts is the world.
 ELEMENTARY PROPOSITION
• The simplest proposition, the elementary
proposition, asserts the existence of an atomic
fact. (4.21)
• The elementary proposition consist of names. It
is a connexion, a concatenation, of names.
(4.22).
• It is obvious that in the analysis of propositions
we must come to elementary propositions,
which consist of names in immediate
combination. (4.221).
 PROPOSITION.
. The propositions of logic are tautologies. (6.1).
• The propositions of logic therefore say nothing.
(They are the analytical propositions)
• The fact that the propositions of logic are
tautologies shows the formal –logical-properties
of language, of the world.(6.12).
• The logical propositions describe scaffolding of
the world or rather they present it. (6.124).
• The proposition is a picture of reality. The proposition
is a model of the reality as we think it is. (4.01).
• The proposition is a picture of reality, for I know the
state of affairs presented by it, if I understand the
proposition. And I understand the propositon,
without its sense having been explained to me.
(4.021)
• The proposition shows its sense. The proposition
shows how to things stand, if it is true. And it says,
that they do so stand. (4.022).
• Propositions can be true or false only by being
pictures of reality. (4.06)
 The Picture theory

WORLD LANGUAGE

FACT PROPOSITION

STATE OF Elementary
AFFAIRS Proposition
 DEATH is not an
event of life.
Death is not lived
through.
(T:6.4311)
SUBJECT does not GOD does not
belong to the world but
it is a limit of the world. reveal himself in
(T: 5.632). the world.
(T:6.432)

THE Whereof one cannot speak

The limits of my language MYSTICALL about, thereof one
mean the limits of my world. must be silence!(T: 7).
(5.6)
Y
 Ide Metafisika: Uniformity & Plurality

The world is everything that is the case

Posmodernisme

What is the case, the fact, is the

existence of atomic facts (states of Ide
affairs) Pluralitas

Ide 2.03: In the atomic fact objects hang

Uniformitas
one in another, like the links of a chain.

Modernisme
 Kontribusi Wittgenstein I thd PL
The propositions of logic are tautologies. (6.1).
• The propositions of logic therefore say nothing. (They are
the analytical propositions)
• The fact that the propositions of logic are tautologies shows
the formal –logical-properties of language, of the world.
(6.12).
• The logical propositions describe scaffolding of the world or
rather they present it. (6.124).

• A proposition is analytic if it is true solely in virtue of the

meaning of its constituent symbols, and cannot therefore be
either confirmed or refuted by any fact of experience. (Ayer,
1952: 16).
 Pokok Pemikiran Wittgenstein II
TESIS POKOK: THE MEANING OF A WORD IS ITS USE IN THE
LANGUAGE.
TUGAS FILSAFAT:
1. MENELITI & MEMBEDAKAN ATURAN DLM LANGUAGE-
GAMES.
2. TO SHEW THE FLY THE WAY OUT OF THE FLY-BOTTLE. (PI,
SECT.309).
3. ASPEK PENYEMBUHAN BHS (THERAPEUTIC).
“FOR PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS ARISE WHEN LANGUAGE
GOES ON HOLIDAY” (SECT.38)
4. PHILOSOPHY MAY IN NO WAY INTERFERE WITH THE
ACTUAL USE OF LANGUAGE; IT CAN IN THE END ONLY
DESCRIBE IT. FOR IT CANNOT GIVE IT ANY FOUNDATION
EITHER. IT LEAVES EVERYTHING AS IT IS” (SECT. 124).
 Gagasan Language-games
Here the term”language-games” is meant to bring into prominence
the fact that the speaking of language is part of an activity, or of a
form of life.

Review the multiplicity of language-games in the following examples,

and in others: Giving orders, and obeying them; Describing the
appearance of an object, or giving its measurements; Constructing
an object from a description; Reporting an event; Making a joke,
telling it; Solving a problem in practical arithmetic; Translating from
one language into another

IDE MULTIFORMITAS
 LANGUAGE-GAMES
L RULE OF THE GAMES
O
O
K

&
The rule may be an aid in teaching the game.
S
E
E

The Rule is an instrument of the game itself

 RULE OF THE GAMES
1. Aturan tdk melegitimasi dirinya
sendiri , ttp objek perjanjian.
2. Tanpa aturan tdk ada permainan,
bahkan perubahan aturan tanpa
batas = melanggar kodrat
permainan.
3. Setiap tuturan ibarat gerak dlm
permainan (Lyotard, 1989: 10).
RoG menurut Charlesworth identik dng The Mystically
dlm Wittgenstein I
• CONTOH LANGUAGE-GAMES PADA KOMUNITAS WARIA

• TIDAK : TINDA
• MANDI : MANDALA
• MAKAN : MAKASAR
• TAKUT : TAKARA
• AKU : AKEKAH
• KAMU : KAMANUA
• POLISI : POLISONG
• CAKEP : CUCOK
• ANAK MUDA : BRONDONG
• ORANG TUA : TUBANG
• KELILING : KELINANG-KELINONG
• PEREMPUAN : PEWONG
• LAKI-LAKI : LEKONG
• TUKANG BECAK : DIBESONG
• MAIN : MEONG
• COWOK BAYARAN : KUCICANG
 Bentuk L-G dlm Komunitas praktek jual beli
keadilan
• Delapan-enam = damai
• Bawa koper tinggal koper = penyuapan dng cara membawa
koper.
• Daftar rekanan = kelompok advokat yg bisa menangani
perkara (pengacara hitam)
• Ketua bawah = pegawai penghubung yg memperantarai
advokat dan pejabat pengadilan.
• Terang & tunai = pengurangan vonis sekian thn setara dng
sejumlah uang.
• Potong bebek angsa = praktek mark up dlm jual beli
keadilan.(Pengacara menyebut 5 milyar, padahal penyuapan
hanya 2 milyar).
• Markus = makelar kasus
 LANGUAGE GAMES PEDAGANG BUAH DI PEKANBARU

PECAH TELUR = BARANG DAGANGAN YG BARU

TERJUAL
BUAH BUSUK = PEMBELI YG NYEBELIN
HARUM MANIS = PEMBELINYA CEWEK CANTIK
PEPAYA MENTAH = PEMBELI BERPOSTUR SEKSI
KALAH JUDI = PEDAGANG SEDANG MERUGI
LUMBUNG PADI = PEDAGANG MAU PINJAM
UANG KE PEDAGANG LAIN.
 overlap and criss-cross in the same way

BUILD FEATURES GAIT

Family Resemblances
 Incommensurability

Pluralitas Local-Narratives
(Language-games)
Kontribusi
Wittgenstein II
Pluri-Metodologis
Atas
Posmodernisme

Duck-Rabbits Teori Laden

 Duck- Two Faces- Girl-old
Rabbits Vase woman

The importance of this is the difference of category between the two

objects of sight.
 Pengaruh Wittgenstein thd
Theory of Perception

If someone sees a smile and does not know it

for a smile, does not understand it as such,
does he see it differently from someone else
who understands it? – He mimics it differently,
for instance. (Wittgenstein, 1958, p. 198)
 Bandingkan senyum mrk

Ikhlas bersahaja Artificial smile Senyum percaya diri