COURSE CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Fluid Statics
3. Forces on Immersed bodies
4. Fluid Kinematics
5. Hydrodynamics
6. Flow measurement
7. Steady Flow through pipes
8. Dimensional analysis
9. External Flow
1
 Scope of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Mechanics is involved in:
1. Movement of clouds in atmosphere
2. Flight of birds through air
3. Fish in sea water.
4. Flow of water in streams
5. Breaking of waves at seashore
• F.M include “gases” and “liquids”, with air
and water as most prevalent.
2
 Scope of Fluid Mechanics

• Some other aspects that include F.M are:

 Flow in pipelines and channels
 Movements or circulation of blood through
capillaries( Veins of Arties)
 Lubrication
 Flow of water in the body

3
 Scope of Fluid Mechanics

It is clear that every body’s life is affected by

Fluid mechanics in variety of ways. All
engineers should have at least a basic
knowledge of fluid phenomenon.

4
 Fluid Mechanics

A substance which is Interaction of forces

capable of flowing
More about Fluids….
They have no definite Ideal fluids are those that
have no viscosity and
shape of their own but A fluid may be in liquid surface tension and they are
conforms to the shape of or gaseous form. compressible. In practice
containing vessel such fluids don’t exist.

5
 Classifications
• Fluids are broadly divided into two kinds:
1. Ideal fluid
Fluid has no viscosity.

2. Real fluid
Fluid has viscosity.
Further these fluids are divided into two
categories.
Newtonian
Non-Newtonian
. Fluid Mechanics-I 6
 TYPES
• Newtonian fluids:
• A linear proportionality between the shearing
stress and the shearing rate.
• Non-Newtonian fluids: There is a large class
of material which shows a non-linear
relationship between the shearing stress and
the shearing rate.

Prepared by: Engr. Fazal-E-Jalal Fluid Mechanics-I 7

 Non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids

Non-Newtonian fluid
Newtonian fluid (linear relationship)
 ( due to vis co s ity )

Non-Newtonian fluid
(non-linear relationship)

du / dy

• In this course we will only deal with Newtonian fluids

• Non-Newtonian fluids: blood, paints, toothpaste
What is Fluid Mechanics ?
It is the science of mechanics of liquids and gases, and
is based on the same fundamental principles that are
employed in the mechanics of solids.
It is the branch of applied mechanics concerned with
the statics and dynamics of fluids.(both liquids and
gases)
The analysis of the behavior of fluids is based on the
fundamental laws of mechanics which relate
continuity of mass and energy with force and
momentum.

10
 2. Kinematics

1. Fluid Statics 3. Fluid Dynamics

FLUID
MECHANICS

11
 Fluid Statics is the study
of mechanics of fluids at
REST.

Fluid Dynamics
Kinematics deals
deals with velocities
with velocities and
& accelerations and
streamlines without
forces exerted by or
considering FORCES
upon fluids in
or ENERGY.
MOTION.

12
 Dimensions and Units
• To properly define a physical property or a
fluid phenomenon, one must express the
property or phenomenon in terms of some
sets of units.
For example, the diameter of a pipe might be 160 mm
and the average flow velocity 8 m/s. A different sets of
units might have been used, such as diameter of 0.16 m
and velocity of 800 cm/s.

13
 Dimensions and Units
• In fluid mechanics, the basic dimensions are:
1. Length (L)
2. Mass (M)
3. Time (T)
4. Force
First (F) the basic units e.g. In F = ma , “a” i.e.
three are
acceleration is expressed
5. Temperature (Ѳ) by its basic dimensions as LT -2

14
• S.I system employs L,M and T and derives F
from MLT-2.
• Force in S.I is defined as NEWTON. Newton is
defined as “ The force required to accelerate
one kilogram of mass at rate of one meter per
second” 1 Newton = (1 kg) (1 m/s2)

15
In the two systems of units that we will be dealing, the
commonly used units for the basic five dimensions are:

Dimension FPS System SI Unit

Length (L) Foot (ft) Meter (m)

Mass (M) Slug ( = lb.sec2/ft) Kilogram (kg)

Time (T) Second (sec) Second (sec)

Force (F) Pound (lb) Newton (N) (= kg.m/s2)

Temperature (Ѳ)

Absolute Rankine (°R) Kelvin (K)

Ordinary Fahrenheit ( °F) Celsius ( °C)

16
Quantity Commonly used FPS Unit SI Unit
dimensions
Acceleration (a) LT-2 Ft/sec2 m/s2
Area (A) L2 Ft2 m2
Density ML-3 Slug/ft3 Kg/m3
Energy, Work or Heat FL [Link] N.m = J
Flow rate (Q) L3T-1 Ft3/sec (cfs) M3/sec
Frequency T-1 Cycles/sec (sec-1) Hz (Hertz, s-1)
Kinematic L2T-1 Ft2/sec M2/sec
Viscosity(ν)
Power FLT-1 [Link]/sec N.m/sec = W
Pressure(p) FL-2 Lb/in2 N/m2 = Pa
Specific weight (ɣ) FL-3 Lb/ft3 N/m3
Velocity (V) LT-1 Ft/sec m/s
Viscosity (μ) FTL-2 [Link]/ft2 N.s/m2
Volume L3 ft3 m3
17
• Often we need to convert quantities from FPS
units into S.I units, and vice versa. Conversion
factors may be used.
• In SI units, LENGTHS are commonly expressed
in millimeters, centimeters, meters or
kilometers, depending on the distance being
measured.
AREAS are usually expressed in square cm, square
meters or hectares (ha), depending on the area being
measured. 1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 2.5 Acres

18
 Dimensions and Units
• 1 N = 0.225 lb
• Units for stress in S.I are N/m2 i.e. Pascal (Pa)
• 1 Pa = 0.021 lb/ft2 = .00015 psi
• Units of Energy is Joule. 1 joule = 1 N.m
• Unit of power is Watt (W). W = J/s = N.m/s
When we have to work with less usual units, like
centipoise (for viscosity) or ergs (for energy), It is best
to convert them into S.I or FPS units as soon as
possible.
19
 Properties of Fluids

• Consider a force, F , acting on a 2D region of area A
sitting on x-y plane

F
z
y
A


Cartesian components: F  F x (  i)  F y (  j )  F z (  k)
 Cartesian components
 i - Unit vector in x- direction
 j - Unit vector in  y- direction

 k - Unit vector in  z- direction


F x - Magnitude of F in  x- direction (tangent to surface)

F y - Magnitude of F in  y- direction (tangent to surface)

F z - Magnitude of F in  z- direction (normal to surface)
 - For simplicity, let Fy  0

• Shear stress and pressure

Fx
 ( shear stress )
A
Fz
p ( norm al stress ( pressure ))
A
• Shear stress and pressure at a point
 Fx   Fz 
  p 
 A  lim A 0
 A  lim A 0
 • Units of stress (shear stress and pressure)

[F ] N
 2  P a ( P ascal ) in SI units
[ A] m

[F ] lb
 2  psi ( pounds per square inch ) in E nglish units
[ A ] in

[F ] lb
 2  pounds per square foot ( E nglish units )
[ A ] ft
Density and specific weight
m
Density (mass per unit volume): 
V
[ m ] kg
Units of density: [ ]   3 ( in SI units )
[V ] m

Specific weight (weight per unit volume):   g

Units of specific weight:

kg m N
[  ]  [ ][ g ]  3 2  3 ( in SI units )
m s m
Specific Gravity of Liquid (S)

 liquid  liquid g  liquid

S  
 water  water g  water
 No slip condition
• Because of viscosity, at boundaries (walls)
particles of fluid adhere to the walls, and so
the fluid velocity is zero relative to the wall
• Viscosity and associated shear stress may be
explained via the following: flow between no-
slip parallel plates.
 
Viscosity ( )
• Viscosity can be thought as the internal stickiness of a fluid
• Representative of internal friction in fluids
• Internal friction forces in flowing fluids result from cohesion and
momentum interchange between molecules.
• Viscosity of a fluid depends on temperature:
– In liquids, viscosity decreases with increasing temperature (i.e. cohesion
decreases with increasing temperature)
– In gases, viscosity increases with increasing temperature (i.e. molecular
interchange between layers increases with temperature setting up strong
internal shear)
 Newton’s law of viscosity.
plate moves with
speed v
high speed vx = u

vx linear
X Y velocity
gradient
vx / d = u /
d y
low speed

stationary wall vx = 0

28
 plate exerts force F

over area A

shear velocity
is proportional to
stress gradient

(F/A) =  (u / y)

stationary wall

29
The velocity induced by moving top plate can be sketched as follows:

y
U u( y  0)  0
u( y  Y )  U
Y
u( y)

The velocity induced by top plate is expressed as follows:

U 
u( y)    y
Y
 AU
For a large class of fluids, empirically, F 
Y
AU
More specifically, F  ;  is coefficien t of vis co s ity
Y

F U
Shear stress induced by isF   
A Y

du U
From previous slide, note that 
dy Y

du
Thus, shear stress is 
dy

In general we may use previous expression to find shear stress at a point du

inside a moving fluid. Note that if fluid is at rest this stress is zero because 0
dy
Newton’s equation of viscosity
du
Shear stress due to viscosity at a point: 
dy

 - kinematic
 - viscosity (coeff. of viscosity) 
 viscosity

fluid surface

y
u( y) ( velocity profile )

e.g.: wind-driven flow in ocean Fixed no-slip plate