Lecture II

Load Flow Studies

PV/Voltage controlled/generator Bus

PQ/ Load Bus

With each bus i, four variables (Pi, Qi, Vi and δi) are associated.
Depending on the type of bus two variables are specified and two
unknown variables are obtained from power flow solution
Type No. buses (n-bus, m- Specified Required
generation system)

PQ n-m , ,
PV m-1

Slack 1 ,

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Power Flow Equations

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Power Flow Equations (2)

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• The above equations represent a set of
simultaneous, non-linear, algebraic equations.
• As the set of equations is non-linear, no analytical
solution for these equations exist.
• Hence, these equations can only be solved by
using suitable numerical iterative techniques.
• There exist various iterative methods for solving load
flow problem.

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Bus Admittance Matrix Ybus
Formation of bus admittance matrix is the first
step in solving the power flow problem.
The Y-bus gives the relationships between all
the bus current injections, I and all the bus
voltages, V,
I=YBus V
The Y-bus is developed by applying KCL at
each bus in the system to relate the bus current
injections, the bus voltages, and the branch
impedances and admittances

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Formation of Bus-admittance matrix

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Transmission line – Nominal π-model (For medium & Long TL)

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Formation of Bus-admittance matrix

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Contn’d

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 Characteristics of Y-Bus matrix
 Dimension of YBus is (n-n), Where n = Number of buses

 Y-bus is symmetric matrix

 Y-bus is sparse matrix

 Diagonal elements Yii are obtained as algebraic sum of all

 Off-diagonal elements Yij = Yji are obtained as

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 Power Flow Problems
Characteristics of variables
• Loads (Pl,Ql)- are uncontrolled variables
• Generation (Pg, Qg) – controlled variables
• Voltage V and angle δ – state variables
 For a given operation loads and generation are known at
all buses
 Required the voltage magnitude and angle (V and δ) at
each bus
 At the beginning, transmission losses are not known, all
generation variables cannot be specified.
 Solution – Choose one bus as reference where voltage
magnitude and angle are specified. The losses are
assigned to this bus and this bus is called “Slack Bus”.
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 Power Flow Iterative Methods
1. Gauss-seidel method
2. Newton Raphson method
3. Decoupled method
4. Fast-decoupled load flow

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Power flow solution by Gauss – Seidel Method

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Contn’d

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 Gauss –Seidel Solution Algorithm
• Step 1 Set iteration count (initialize)
– Convert all the loads and generation in per unit values
– Compute net injected power at each bus excluding the
slack bus
• Step 2 Formation of Y-bus matrix
• Step 3 Iterative computation of bus voltages
• A set of Initial voltage values (commonly flat voltage start) is
assumed except for the slack bus.
– (n-1) voltage equations are to be solved iteratively for finding (n-
1) complex voltages V2, V3, …, Vn
– The iteration is continued till the change in maximum magnitude
of bus voltage (∆𝑉) is less than a certain tolerance.
– ∆𝑉 = max 𝑉𝑖 𝑝+1 - 𝑉𝑖 𝑝 ≤ 𝜖, 𝑖 = 1,2, . . , 𝑛 Where ϵ ≈
0.0001 or 0.00001
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Contn’d

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 Lecture 3: Power Flow Analysis (2)
Example on Gauss Seidel Method
For the Figure below, three bus PS, generation, load and line data are given on the tables.
(a) Using Gauss Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at buses 2 and 3 (perform only two
iterations)
(b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power after the second iteration
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses after second iteration. Neglect the line charging admittances.

e
Lin ta
Da
2
3
4
5
 6
V2
U pd a t e
a nd V 3
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8
9
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1. Algorithm modification for PV buses
D.P. Kothari, Page 207 and example 6.5
2. Consideration of PV buses, D. Das P. 155,
example 7.3

Plz try to solve these examples by your own!!!

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 Newton Raphson LF Solution
Use Taylor Series Expansion non linear equation
solution

And expand…..

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 NR (2)
J1 J2

J3

J4

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J1, J2, J3, and J4 are Jacobian matrices which
denotes the partial differentials of the state
variables

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 Decoupled LF Solution
At the transmission premises R/X ratio is very small

∆P is sensitive to ∆𝞭, but not sensitive to ∆

∆Q is sensitive to ∆, but not sensitive to ∆𝞭

Then

Or

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 Decoupled (2)
If m-number of PV buses are existed

J1 is of the order of (n-1)X(n-1)

J4 is of the order of (n-1-m)X(n-1-m)

and

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 Cont’d…
Then the new estimated state variables are:

=. Q

 is in radian, so you need to convert to degrees by

After approximation and simplification of these eqns;