THERMODYNAMICS By Allu Ayobami

WHAT IS THERMODYNAMICS?
Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with energy levels and
the transfer of energy between systems and between different states of matter.
or
Thermodynamics is the study of the inter-relation between heat, work and
internal energy of a system and its interaction with its environment..
THERMODYNAMICS
NOTE….
Classical thermodynamics concerns the relationships between bulk properties
of matter. Nothing is examined at the atomic or molecular level.
Statistical thermodynamics seeks to explain those bulk properties in terms of
constituent atoms. The statistical part treats the aggregation of atoms, not the
behavior of any individual atom
APPLICATION OF
THERMODYNAMICS
A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
System – the part of the universe that is under consideration. It is
separated from the rest of the universe by it’s boundaries
Open system  when matter CAN cross the boundary
Closed system  when matter CANNOT cross the boundary
Isolated  Boundary seals matter and heat from exchange with
another system
A CLOSED SYSTEM WITH
FIXED MASS
A CLOSED SYSTEM WITH
MOVABLE BOUNDARY
OPEN SYSTEM
THERMODYNAMICS
All of thermodynamics can be expressed in terms of four quantities
 Temperature (T)
 Internal Energy (U)
 Entropy (S)
 Heat (Q)
INTERNAL ENERGY OF A
SYSTEM
Energy at the particle level within a substance in several forms, which, when taken
together, are called internal energy.
The internal energy of a substance is quite complicated; the simplest form are the
kinetic and potential energies of the molecules.
ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
This states that if body A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third body C, then
bodies A, B, and C are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
In other words, all three systems have the same ‘temperature’.
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The first law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the law of conservation of
energy.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

In a thermodynamic system, the heat supplied to the system by the surroundings plus
the net work done on the system by the surroundings is equal to the change in the
internal energy of the system.
SIGN CONVENTION
Here, we use ΔU = Q +W
W < 0 (W is negative), if work is done by the system on the surroundings.
W > 0 (W is positive), if work is done on the system by the surroundings.
Q < 0 (Q is negative), if the system supplies heat to the surroundings.
Q > 0 (Q is positive), if heat is supplied to the system by the surroundings.
THERMODYNAMIC
PROCESSES
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
An isothermal process is a constant temperature process. Any heat
flow into or out of the system must be slow enough to maintain
thermal equilibrium
For ideal gases, if ΔT is zero, ΔU = 0. This is because the internal
energy of an ideal is a function of its temperature alone.
Therefore, Q = W
Any energy entering the system (Q) must leave as work (W)
ADIABATIC PROCESS
An adiabatic process transfers no heat
 therefore Q = 0
ΔU = Q – W
When a system expands adiabatically, W is positive (the system does work)
so ΔU is negative.
When a system compresses adiabatically, W is negative (work is done on the
system) so ΔU is positive.
ISOBARIC PROCESS
An isobaric process is a constant pressure process. ΔU, W, and Q are
generally non-zero, but calculating the work done by an ideal gas is
straightforward
W = P·ΔV
Water boiling in a saucepan is an example of an isobar process
ISOCHORIC OR
ISOVOLUMETRIC PROCESS
An isochoric or isovolumetric process is a constant
volume process. When the volume of a system
doesn’t change, it will do no work on its
surroundings. W = 0
ΔU = Q
Heating gas in a closed container is an isochoric
process
P-V DIAGRAMS
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The Kelvin formulation - It is impossible to construct an engine that, working
in cycles, shall produce no effect other than the extraction of heat from a
reservoir and the production of work.
The Clausius formulation - It is impossible to construct an engine that,
working in cycles, shall produce no effect other than the transfer of heat from
a colder to a hotter body.
It is impossible to convert heat continuously into work without at the same
time transferring some heat from a warmer body to a colder one.
In a closed or isolated system, the entropy always increases.
ENTROPY
Entropy is a measure of the disorder (randomness) of a system. The higher
the entropy of the system, the more disordered it is.
The second law states that the universe always becomes more disordered in
any real process.
The entropy (order) of a system can decrease, but in order for this to happen,
the entropy (disorder) of the surroundings must increase to a greater extent,
so that the total entropy of the universe always increases.
Entropy can be created but not destroyed.
HEAT ENGINES
An heat engine is a device which can be used to convert heat to useful
work.
It is easy to produce thermal energy using work, but how does one
produce work using thermal energy?
This is a heat engine; mechanical energy can be obtained from thermal
energy only when heat can flow from a higher temperature to a lower
temperature.
HEAT ENGINES
We will discuss only engines that run in a repeating cycle; the change in internal
energy over a cycle is zero, as the system returns to its initial state.
The high temperature reservoir transfers an amount of heat QH to the engine, where
part of it is transformed into work W and the rest, QL, is exhausted to the lower
temperature reservoir. Note that all three of these quantities are positive.
Examples of heat engines: steam engines, internal combustion engines etc.
Why does a heat engine need a temperature difference?
Otherwise the work done on the system in one part of the cycle will be equal to the
work done by the system in another part, and the net work will be zero.
EFFICIENCY OF HEAT
ENGINES
CARNOT ENGINE
A Carnot engine was created to examine the efficiency of a heat engine. It is
idealized, as it has no friction. It consist of four reversible cycles and it’s the
most efficient heat engine.
The Carnot cycle consists of:
•Isothermal expansion
•Adiabatic expansion
•Isothermal compression
•Adiabatic compression
CARNOT CYCLE
EFFICIENCY OF HEAT
ENGINES CAN THEREFORE
BE…
NOTE…
EXAMPLE
What is the ideal efficiency of a heat engine that is operating between a hot
reservoir at a temperature of 400 K and a cold sink at a temperature of 300
K?
HEAT PUMPS

Heat pump is a device that converts work to heat.

Heat pumps are heat engines operated in reverse.
By doing work, heat is extracted from the cold reservoir and exhausted
to the hot reservoir.
Refrigerators and air conditioners do work to extract heat from a
cooler region and send it to a warmer region
Examples of heat pumps: refrigerator, air conditioners etc.
COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE (COP)
THIRD LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding
entropy and the impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. The
most common enunciation of third law of thermodynamics is:

“ As a system approaches absolute zero, all processes cease and the entropy
of the system approaches a minimum value.”

The entropy of a perfect crystal as it approaches absolute zero becomes

constant.
THANK YOU