SEED
SCIENCE
FLOWER
• Flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is
the reproductive structure found in flowering
plants.
• The biological function of a flower is to effect
reproduction, by providing a mechanism for the
union of sperm with eggs.
• Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where
gametophytes develop.
• Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds.
Typical flower
Flower, sometimes known as a bloom or
blossom, is the reproductive structure found in
flowering plants.
COMPLETE FLOWER
Flower which posses all the essential structures
Sepals
Petals
Stamen
Pistil
Incomplete flower
Flower in
which there is
lack of one or
two structure
No petals
and sepals
PERFECT FLOWER
Flower which posses both
essential structures
Pistil
Stamen
Pistil Stamen
IMPERFECT FLOWER
Flower which lack any one of
the essential structures
Pistil or Stamen
IMPORTANT EVENTS OF SEED BIOLOGY
Sporogenesis
Microsporogenesis
Megasporogensis
Gametogenesis
Microgametogenesis
Megagametogensis
Pollination
Self pollination
Cross pollination
Often cross pollination
Fertilization
Double fertilization
Triple fusion
Embryo development
Monocot embryo
Dicot embryo
Endosperm development
Nuclear
Cellular
Helobial
Seed coat development
SPOROGENESIS
The processes of formation of
microspore and megaspore is known
as sporogenesis
Microsporogenesis-
occurs in anther
Megasporogenesis –
occurs in ovule
Gametogenisis
Processes of development of male gamete
and female gamete is known as
gametogenesis
Male gamete generally
forms in microspore
Female gamete
generally forms in
megaspore
Megaspore
MICROSPOROGENESIS
The formation of microspores inside the micro
sporangia (or pollen sacs) of seed plants.
A diploid cell in the microsporangium, called a
microsporocyte or a pollen mother cell, undergoes
meiosis and gives rise to four haploid microspores.
Each microspore then develops into a pollen grain
(the micro gametophyte).
MICROSPOROGENESIS
The formation of microspores
take place inside the micro
sporangia (or pollen sacs).
A diploid cell in the
microsporangium, called a pollen
mother cell, undergoes meiosis
and gives rise to four haploid
microspores.
Each microspore then develops
into a pollen grain (the micro
gametophyte).
Pollen grains
MICROGAMETOGENESIS
The microspore cells
undergo mitosis and
form a tube nucleus and
a generative nucleus.
The generative cell
undergoes mitosis one
more time to form two
male gametes, also
called sperm.
MEGASPOROGENESIS
The megaspore is
produced inside the
nucellus or ovule
Megaspore mother
cell, undergoes
meiosis to produce
initially four haploid
cells (megaspores).
Megaspores
MEGAGAMETOGENESIS
The megaspore develops into the 1st 2nd
female gametophyte (the embryo Mitosis Mitosis
sac) in a process called
megagametogenesis. Megaspore
3rd
mother cell Mitosis
The megaspore mother cell
undergoes mitosis three times,
producing an eight-nucleate cell.
Synergids
Egg
apparatus
Eight nuclei are arranged theme Egg cell
selves
Polar nuclei
Egg apparatus
Polar nuclei
Antipodal cells
Antipodal cells
Embryo sac
into two group of four. From each group
single nuclei pushed to the center to
become polar nuclei.
The three nuclei at the micropylar
become the egg apparatus, with an egg
cell in the center and two synergids.
The three nuclei at the other end of the
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cell, forms the antipodals.
Therefore the resulting embryo sac is a
seven-celled structure consisting of one
central cell, one egg cell, two synergid
cells, and three antipodal cells
Embryosac
Megagametogenesis
POLLINATION
Pollination is the movement of pollen from the anthers to
the stigma.
Flowers have specific designs which encourages the
transfer of pollen from one plant to another of the same
species.
The external factors which involves in pollination are
wind, insects, Bees, Birds and Animals.
The pollination generally take place soon after anthesis.
DOUBLE
FERTILIZATION
• The process involves the joining of a female
gametophyte with two male gametes .
• It begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of
the flower, when stigma is receptive.
• The pollen grain begins to germinate, forming a
pollen tube that extends down towards the ovary
through the style.
• One sperm fertilizes the egg cell and the other
sperm combines with the two polar nuclei of the
large central cell of the megagametophyte.
• One of the sperm from male gametophyte fuses
with egg cell results in embryo and another sperm
with polar nuclei forms endosperm
DOUBLE FERTILIZATION
Seed Development
• After fertilization, development of fertilized ovule into a
mature seed involves several different stages.
• Seed formation begins within the minute embryo sac with
certain expectations, which is about the same in shape, size,
and arrangement.
• In spite of initial similarities, the seed develops according to
the genetic specification for each species, which are coded in
the nucleus (chromosomes) of each cell.
• The first division of the zygote is transverse in dicots
and it results in a small apical cell and a large basal
cell
• Cell divides vertically forming 2 juxtaposed cells
and cb undergoes a transverse division forming 2
superimposed cells.
• These results in a T-shaped, 4 celled proembryo. Cell
ci divides transversely giving rise to n and n'.
• These 2 cells divide further resulting in a row of 3 or
4 cells, forming suspensor.
• Cell m and its derivatives undergo vertical divisions
forming a group of 4 to 6 cells. This group divides by
oblique-periclinal wall forming a set of inner cells
and a row of outer cells.
• The inner cells form the initials of the root apex and
the outer cells form the root cap.
• The 2 cells formed as a result of the division of ca
again divide vertically forming quadrant.
• Each cell of the quadrant divides transversely and
thus an octant containing 2 tiers of cell l and p is
formed.
• The cells of the octant undergo vertical division
resulting in a globular proembryo.
• Periclinal divisions occur in the peripheral cells of
the globular proembryo that delimit an outer layer,
the dermatogen.
• The tier l gives rise to cotyledons and shoot apex
and l forms hypocotl-radicle axis.
Embryo development in monocotyledons
Summary Of Post Fertilization
• Ovary develops into fruit.
• Ovules develop into seed.
• The wall of ovary develops into the wall of the fruit.
• Integuments fused to forms seed coat.
• The fertilized egg develops into embryo.
• The primary endosperm nucleus forms the endosperm.
• Nucleus is consumed by embryo and endosperm in some case may remain
unconsumed.
• Synergids and antipodal cells degenerate.
• Calyx Corolla Stamens style and stigma get dried up and wither away.
Seed Coat Development
• Integuments of the ovule undergoes marked
reorganization and histological, changes during
maturation to form seed coat.
• The seed coat may be derived from both the
integuments or from the outer integument only.
• The inner integument may disintegrate, the seed coat
or testa developed from one or two integuments of
the ovules.
• Which from a covering to protect the embryo and
endosperm.
Seed is an “embryo”, a living organism embedded in supporting or the
food storage tissue. Covered by a protective coat.
Characteristic of quality seeds
• High genetic purity &physical purity.
• High seed quality parameters such as
germination and vigour etc.
• Free from diseases and pests
• Free from weed seeds and other crop seeds.
• uniform in physical properties such as size,
shape, color and density etc
• Should have safe moisture content
• Seeds should be free from
• Seeds should be labeled and produced under all due
care and strict supervision so that it does not
degenerate quickly.
• Seed should be free from seed borne diseases.
• Seed lot should have maximum pure live seed
percentage
• Plating value: It is the real worth of the seed lot for
raising crop. It is determined by calculating pure line
seed percentage as below
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