TOPIC -
STATES OF MATTER
WHAT IS MATTER ?
WHAT IS IT MADE UP
OF ?
The definition of Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes
up space). For most common objects that we deal with every day, it is
fairly simple to demonstrate that they have mass and take up space.
Matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of, meaning
anything made of positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and
negatively charged electrons.
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUI
SOLID GAS
D
BOSE-
EINSTEIN
PLASMA CONDENSAT
E
1) SOLID
•In solids, particles are tightly or closely
packed.
•The gaps between the particles are tiny
and hence it is tough to compress them.
•Solid has a fixed shape and volume.
•Due to its rigid nature, particles in
solid can only vibrate about their mean
position and cannot move.
•Force of attraction between particles is
adamant.
•The rate of diffusion in solids is very
low.
2) LIQUID •In a liquid state of matter, particles are
less tightly packed as compared to solids.
•Liquids take the shape of the container
in which they are kept.
•Liquids are difficult to compress as
particles have less space between them to
move.
•Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed
shape.
•The rate of diffusion in liquids is higher
than that of solids.
•Force of attraction between the particles
is weaker than solids.
3) GAS
•In gases, particles are far apart from
each other.
•Force of attraction between the particles
is negligible, and they can move freely.
•Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a
fixed shape.
•The gaseous state has the highest
compressibility as compared to solids
and liquids.
•The rate is diffusion is higher than
solids and liquids.
•The kinetic energy of particles is higher
than in solids and liquids.
4) PLASMA
Plasma, in physics, an electrically conducting
medium in which there are roughly equal
numbers of positively and negatively charged
particles, produced when the atoms in a gas
become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as
the fourth state of matter. The negative charge
is usually carried by electrons, each of which
has one unit of negative charge. The positive
charge is typically carried by atoms or
molecules that are missing those same electrons.
In some rare but interesting cases, electrons
missing from one type of atom or molecule
become attached to another component,
resulting in a plasma containing both positive
and negative ions.
5) BOSE – EINSTIEN
CONDENSATE
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a group of
atoms cooled to within a hair of
absolute zero. When they reach that
temperature the atoms are hardly moving
relative to each other; they have almost no
free energy to do so. At that point, the
atoms begin to clump together, and enter
the same energy states. They become
identical, from a physical point of view,
and the whole group starts behaving as
though it were a single atom.
EXAMPLES
SOLID
solid ice, sugar, rock, wood, etc .
LIQUID
water, milk, blood, coffee, etc.
GAS
air, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, etc.
PLASMA
Ionosphere, stars, aurorae
Bose – Einstein condensate
Superfluids , superconductors
