The Mole Concept
8.1 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
Eggs come in dozens
12 eggs = 1 dozen
Atoms come in moles
6.02 x 1023 atoms = 1 mole = NA
NA is a ginormous number!
How big is it?
One mole of softballs would be the size of
the Earth!
The Mole
Atoms are so tiny that one mole of atoms is
about a handful.
The mass of a mole of atoms = the atomic
mass in grams on the Periodic Table.
1 mole of C atoms is 12.01 grams
1 mole of Na atoms is 22.99 grams
What is the mass of one mole of Ne atoms?
Mole Examples
sugar
water
lead
mercury
copper
sulfur
sodium chloride
8.2 Mole Calculations I: Avogadro’s
Number
6.02 x 1023 atoms or mlcls or 1 mol
1 mol 6.02 x 1023atoms or mlcls
1. How many calcium atoms are in 0.250 moles of calcium?
0.250 mol Ca (6.02 x 1023 atoms/1 mol) = 1.51 x 1023 Ca atoms
2. Calculate the moles of 3.75 x 1027 molecules of oxygen gas?
3.75 x 1027 mlcls O2 (1 mol/6.02 x 1023 mlcls) = 6230 mol O2
8.3 Molar Mass
Molar mass tells us how much mass is in one
mole of substance.
Periodic Table masses are in units of (g/mol).
Very important – the units are grams per 1
mole, not just grams
How many grams in one mole of:
carbon? 12.01 g/mol
gold? 196.97 g/mol
sodium? 22.99 g/mol
What do they all have in common?
They all have 6.02 x 1023 atoms!
Molar Mass
Calculate the molar mass of barium hydroxide.
[Link] is the formula? Ba(OH)2
[Link] up the mass for every atom.
Ba: 137.33 g/mol +
O: 2 (16.00) g/mol +
H: 2 (1.01) g/mol =
171.35 g/mol
8.4 Grams to Moles (Mole Calcs II)
Use Molar Mass as (g/mol) or (mol/g)
How many grams is 1.667 moles of oxygen
gas?
1.667 mol O2 ( 32.00 g/mol) = 53.34 g O2
How many moles is 45 grams of silver?
How many grams is 0.0554 moles of water?
8.5 Molar Volume
(Volume of 1 mole of gas at STP)
Volume of 1 mole of gas
Gases are mostly empty space so they ALL
have the same volume despite different
mass
22.4 L per 1 mole of any gas at STP
STP is Standard Temperature and
Pressure
0°C and 1 atm
For Gases only at STP:
22.4 L / 1 mol or 1 mol / 22.4 L
What is the volume of 1.25 moles of gas
at STP?
1.25 mol ( 22.4 L / 1 mol) = 28.0 L gas
What is the mass of 4.50 L of chlorine gas at STP?
4.50 L Cl2 (1mol / 22.4L) (70.90 g/mol) = 14.2 g Cl2
Density
d = mass
volume
=molar mass
molar volume
Calculate the density of ammonia gas, NH3, at STP.
d = (17.04 g/mol ) / ( 22.4 L/mol ) = 0.761 g/L
8.6 Mole Calcs III
Example
How many grams does 17.35 liters of neon
gas weigh at STP? How many atoms is this?
1 mol 20.18 g
17.35 L = 15.6 grams Ne
22.4 L 1 mol
1 mol 6.02 x 10 atoms
23
17.35 L = 4.66x1023 atoms Ne
22.4 L 1 mol
8.7 Percent Composition
= mass % of each element in a compound
You divide the total element molar mass by the
total compound molar mass.
% = (element / compound) x 100
%H = (2.02 g H / 18.02 g H2O) x 100 = 11.2% H
%O = (16.00 g O / 18.02 g H2O) x 100 = 88.79% O
Note the %’s should add up to 100% total
Example Problem
Find the percent composition for TNT, C 7H5(NO2)3
Total molar mass is 227.15 grams per mole
% C = (84.07g / 227.15g) x 100 = 37.01% C
% H = (5.05g / 227.15g) x 100 = 2.22%H
% N = (42.03g / 227.15g) x 100 = 18.50%N
% O = (96.00g / 227.15g) x 100 = 42.26%O
Try at home
How many liters will 3.425 grams of
carbon dioxide gas occupy at STP? 1.74 L
How many molecules are in 3.425 grams
of carbon dioxide? 4.68 x 1022 molecules
What will be the mass of 3.0 x 1015
molecules of carbon dioxide? 2.2 x 10-7
grams
