Objectives:

• The learners will familiarize themselves with

the various devices that have been used for
computations from the past.
• The learners will recognize major milestone
in development of modern day computers.
 ICT
 Information and Communication Technology
 refers to technologies that provide access to information
through telecommunications.
 combination of manufacturing and services that capture,
transmit and display data and information electronically (OEDC
2002:18;SAITIS 2000:3)”
 Similar to Information Technology but focuses primarily on
communication technologies, systems, and tools to facilitate
the way of information is created, collected, processed,
transmitted and stored. It includes laptops, computes and
software applications, internet, wireless networks, cellphones
and other communication mediums.
 ICT

1. Information-(or data) in paper or electronic format.

2. Communication –in person or electronically(electronics
communications), in writing or voice,
telecommunications and broadcasting.
3. Information Technology(IT)-including software, hardware
and electronics. Application of systems-both computers
and telecommunications-to retrieve, manipulate and
transmit data, often within a business context.
4. Communications Technology- including protocols,
software and hardware.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

 A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information

(data), processes it according to specific instructions, and
provides the results as new information.
 Is a machine which can perform many tasks.
 It was originally invented to do speedy and accurate
calculations, it can be used for other purposes too.
 It can perform any kind of work involving arithmetic and
logical operations on data, process it as per instruction or
input given and give the information as output.
 It manipulates data according to a list of instructions called a
program
 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

 USE OF COUNTERS TO AID CALCULATIONS: 3rd – 6th CENTURY

B.C.
 EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
 ABACUS
 TALLY STICKS
 NAPIER BONES
 SLIDE RULE
 PASCALINE
 STEPPED RECKONER
 JACQUARD LOOM
 .

USE OF COUNTERS TO AID CALCULATIONS: 3rd – 6th CENTURY B.C.

 In ancient years, there were no computational devices such as computers and

smart phones.
 People used pebbles, bones and the fingers of hands to count and calculate.
 They even used ropes and shapes for some measurements. Simple calculations
were done using these tools.
 These were called counters
EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
ABACUS

 The first manual data processing device was the

Abacus which was developed in China in the 12th
century A.D.
 It is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations. It used to
perform basic arithmetic operations are performed
by manipulating the beads. This simple apparatus
was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
 EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
ABACUS

 The first manual data processing device was the Abacus which
was developed in China in the 12th century A.D.
 It is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations. It used to perform basic
arithmetic operations are performed by manipulating the
beads. This simple apparatus was invented in Babylonia in
2400 B.C.

EARLIER MODERN
 PEOPLE

“The first computers”

 PEOPLE
“The first computers”
 This was a job Originally calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
 These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of
a mathematical expression.
 The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
 The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring
to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the
word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th
century.
 TALLY STICKS
 A tally stick (or simply tally) was an ancient memory aid
device used to record and document numbers, quantities, or
even messages.
 Tally sticks first appear as animal bones carved with notches
during the Upper Palaeolithic; a notable example is the
Ishango Bone.
 Historical reference is made by Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79)
about the best wood to use for tallies, and by Marco Polo
(1254–1324) who mentions the use of the tally in China.
 Tallies have been used for numerous purposes such as
messaging and scheduling, and especially in financial and
legal transactions, to the point of being currency.
 NAPIER BONES
 John Napier was a Scottish mathematician who became famous for his
invention of logarithms.
 Napier Bones is a manually-operated calculating device for the calculation of
products and quotients of numbers.
 The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called
'rabdology', invented in 1614.
 The use of “logs” enable him to reduce multiplication problem to a problem
of addition.
 His “bones” are set of eleven rods with numbers marked on them in such a
way that by simply placing the rods side by side products and quotient of
large numbers can obtained.
 The complete device usually includes a base board with a rim; the user
places Napier's rods inside the rim to conduct multiplication or division.
 The board's left edge is divided into nine squares, holding the numbers 1 to 9
 SLIDE RULE
 Although the slide rule appeared in various forms in Europe during
seventeenth, it’s invention is attributed to the English mathematician
William Oughtred in 1622.
 It is based on Napier's idea about logarithms.
 Each ruler is marked off in such a way that the actual distance from
the beginning are proportion to the logarithms if the numbers printed
on the ruler. It used primarily for: multiplication, division, roots,
logarithm and trigonometry and not normally used for addition or
subtraction.

This Slide Rule was used for landing man on the Moon.
This was used by NASA engineers in 1960 for Apollo
mission also
 PASCALINE
 Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or
adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used.
 It was designed and built by Blaise Pascal was a French
mathematician and experimental physicist who was one of the first
modern scientist to develop and build a calculator. He was born in
Clermont, France on June 29, 1623
 It could only perform addition and subtraction with numbers being
entered by manipulating dials.
 Pascal invented the machine for his father, a tax collector, it was their
first business too
 STEP RECKONER
 The step reckoner (or stepped reckoner) was a digital mechanical
calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694. The name comes from
the translation of the German term for its operating mechanism.
 The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.
 JACQUARD LOOM

 The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and
matelassé.
 The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard
loom. The machine was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804, based on
earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon
(1728), and Jacques Vaucanson (1740).
 The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number of punched cards
laced together into a continuous sequence.
 Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card
corresponding to one row of the design.
 Several such paper cards, generally white in color, can be seen in the images below.
 Chains, like Bouchon's earlier use of paper tape, allowed sequences of any length to
be constructed, not limited by the size of a card
 JACQUARD LOOM

 The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and
matelassé.
 The resulting ensemble of the loom and Jacquard machine is then called a Jacquard
loom. The machine was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804, based on
earlier inventions by the Frenchmen Basile Bouchon (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon
(1728), and Jacques Vaucanson (1740).
 The machine was controlled by a "chain of cards"; a number of punched cards
laced together into a continuous sequence.
 Multiple rows of holes were punched on each card, with one complete card
corresponding to one row of the design.
 Several such paper cards, generally white in color, can be seen in the images below.
 Chains, like Bouchon's earlier use of paper tape, allowed sequences of any length to
be constructed, not limited by the size of a card
 DIFFERENCE ENGINE

 Difference engines, an early calculating

machine, verging on being the first
computer, designed and partially built during
the 1820s and '30s by Charles Babbage. This
device was used for solving differential
equations. It has different sections for input,
output and storage media. The machine
gives results and process it.
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE

 The Analytical Engine is much more than a calculator and

marks the progression from the mechanized arithmetic of
calculation to fully-fledged general-purpose computation.
 There were at least three designs at different stages of the
evolution of his ideas.
 The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-
purpose computer designed by English mathematician and
computer pioneer Charles Babbage, with the assistance of Ada
Lovelace.
 It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's
difference engine a design for a simpler mechanical computer
 CHARLES BABBAGE

“Father of the computer”,

Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an
English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and
mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital
programmable computer.[2]
 First Computer Programmer

 Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of

Lovelace Byron; (10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an
English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on
Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer,
the analytical engine.
 She is believed by some to be the first to recognize that the machine
had applications beyond pure calculation, and to have published the
first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine.
 As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognize the full
potential of computers
 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

 Tabulating Machine
 Mark 1
 Z1
 ATANASOFF-BERRY-COMPUTER (ABC)
 ENIAC
 UNIVAC I
 EDVAC
 Osborne 1
 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

 He is most known for his inventions; the best known of these is the
Scheutzian calculation engine, invented in 1837 and finalized in
1843. This machine, which he constructed with his son Edvard
Scheutz, was based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. I
 n 1851 they obtained funds from government to build an improved
model, which was created in 1853 (was roughly the size of a piano),
and subsequently demonstrated at the World's Fair in Paris, 1855.
 The machine was then sold in 1856 to the Dudley Observatory in
Albany, New York.[1][2] In 1857 British government ordered another
model, which was built by Donkin's company in 1859.[3][4]
 It was invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles
Babbage's difference Engine and the first printing calculator
 Tabulating Machine

 These machine was an electromechanical machine designed to

assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards.
 Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help
process data for the 1890 U.S. Census.
 Later models were widely used for business applications such as
accounting and inventory control.
 It spawned a class of machines, known as unit record equipment, and
the data processing industry
 Mark 1
 Howard Aiken began to work on the Mark I at Harvard University
with the assistance of graduate students and engineers from IBM.
 The project, which was completed in 1944, was known as the Mark I
digital computer.
 The official name of Mark I was Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator.
 It was approximately 50 feet long and 8 feet high and consisted of
some 700,000 moving parts and several hundred miles of wiring

Howard H. Aiken Harvard Mark 1

 Z1

 The first programmable computer.

 It was created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from
1936 to 1938.
 To program the Z1 required that the user insert
punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through punch tape.
 ATANASOFF-BERRY-COMPUTER
(ABC)
 It was the first electronic digital computing device.
 Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student
Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.
 ENIAC

 ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.

 It consisted of over 18,000 vaccum tubes and required the manual
setting of witches to achieved desired results.
 It could perform 300 multiplications per second. Operating
instructions were not installed internally; rather were fed through
externally lacater plugboards and switches.
 It was the first electronic general purpose computer and completed in
1946.
 Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly .
 UNIVAC I
 The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer ) was the first
commercial computer.
 It was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. UNIVAC is a
line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the
products of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation.
 Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand
company and successor organizations
 EDVAC

 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the

earliest electronic computers.
 The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was
designed to be a stored-program computer.
 It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data
 OSBORNE 1
 The Osborne 1 is the first commercially successful portable
microcomputer, released on April 3, 1981 by
Osborne Computer Corporation.
 It weighs 10.7 kg (24.5 lbs.), cost US$1,795, and runs the CP/M
2.2 operating system.
 It is powered from a wall socket, as it has no on-board battery,
but it is still classed as a portable device since it can be hand-
carried when packed.
 The first portable computer. It was released in 1981 by the
Osborne Computer Corporation.
 References

 Image Sources: [Link]

 [Link]
puter_and_its_generations
 [Link]
 [Link]


 Introduction to Compute Concepts by https:Juny Pilapil La Putt

 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

 First Generation – 1940 – 1955

 Second generation – 1959 – 1964
 Third generation – 1964 – 1971
 Fourth generation – 1971 – 1980
 Fifth generation – 1980 to future
History of Computers Generation

1st Generation

This was from the period of 1940 to 1955. This was
when machine language was developed for the use of
computers. They used vacuum tubes for the circuitry.
For the purpose of memory, they used magnetic
drums. These machines were complicated, large, and
expensive. They were mostly reliant on batch operating
systems and punch cards. As output and input devices,
magnetic tape and paper tape were implemented. For
example, ENIAC, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC, and so on
 History of Computers Generation

2nd Generation
 The years 1959-1964 were referred to as the “second
generation of computers” at the time. In second-
generation computers, COBOL and FORTRAN are
employed as assembly languages and programming
languages. Here they advanced from vacuum tubes to
transistors. This made the computers smaller, faster and
more energy-efficient. And they advanced from binary
to assembly languages. For instance, IBM 1620, IBM
7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and so forth.
 History of Computers Generation

3rd Generation
 The hallmark of this period (1964-1971) was the development of
the integrated circuit. A single integrated circuit (IC) is made up
of many transistors, which increases the power of a computer
while simultaneously lowering its cost. These computers were
quicker, smaller, more reliable, and less expensive than their
predecessors. High-level programming languages such as
FORTRON-II to IV, COBOL, and PASCAL PL/1 were utilized.
For example, the IBM-360 series, the Honeywell-6000 series, and
the IBM-370/168.
 History of Computers Generation

4th Generation
 The invention of the microprocessors brought along the
fourth generation of computers. The years 1971-1980
were dominated by fourth generation computers. C, C++
and Java were the programming languages utilized in
this generation of computers. For instance, the STAR
1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, and Apple II.
This was when we started producing computers for
home use.
 History of Computers Generation

5th Generation
 These computers have been utilized since 1980 and continue to be used
now.
 This is the present and the future of the computer world. The defining
aspect of this generation is artificial intelligence.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors are making this a
reality and provide a lot of scope for the future.
 Use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology.
 These are the most recent and sophisticated computers. C, C++,
Java,.Net, and more programming languages are used. For instance,
IBM, Pentium, Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook, and so on.
Multiple Choice:
Direction. Read carefully the sentence and write on your
paper the letter of the correct answer.

1. Ada Lovelace is considered the world's first what?

1. a. computer language b. computer programmer c. smart lady d. mathematician

2. What computer is this?

a. IBM 701 b. ENIAC c. UNIVAC d. Apple 2

[Link] ______________ was developed in 3000 BC, and was basically beads on rods to count and was used to
calculate, has upper and lower deck.
a. UNIVAC b. Abacus c. Vacuum Tubes d. Slide Rule4
4. The first programmable computer. It was created by Konrad Zuse in Germany
a. Tabulating Machine b. Scheutzian Calculation Engine c. Mark I d. Z1
5. his machine could perform the four basic arithmetic operation and could locate information stored in tabular
form
[Link] I [Link]'s Tabulating Machine c. Difference Engine d. Analytical Engine
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTER
[Link] Computer
[Link] Computer
3. Mini Computer
4. Workstation Computer
5. Server Computer
6. Analog Computer
7. Digital Computer
8. Hybrid Computer
9. Tablet and Smart Phones
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COMPUTER
1. PERSONAL AND
COMPUTER- IT’S FUNCTIONS
is a computer that can performed all of its input,
processing, output and storage activities bi itself.

 Input: The computer gets data from the user through input devices such as keyboard,
microphone, digital camera, mouse etc. This is the very first step of the computer.
 Process: This is the second step of the computer cycle. In this step the computer's
processing device process the input data based on instructions. CPU is the main
processing unit of the computer.
 Output: This is the third step of the computer cycle. The computer gives meaningful
information after completion of processing task which is displayed on the output
devices. Monitor, printer, speaker, etc are some of the common examples of output
devices.
 Storage: This is the fourth step of computer cycle. The computer permanently stores
the result of processing on hard disks or some other kinds of storage medium.
TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTER

a. Desktop Computer
 is designed in a way that the system unit, input devices, output
devices and others fit entirely on a desk or table.

b. Laptop (also known as notebook)

 personal computer designed for mobile use and small enough to sit
on one’s lap.
 CPU ( Central Processing Unit)
 is one of the most important parts of computer hardware that
is also better known as processor.
 it is the brain of the computer and it is a microchip.
 controls the element of the computer
 electronic circuitry within a computer that executes
instructions that make up a computer program.
 performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program.
 function of CPU is to calculate every command that runs on
the computer.
 to prevent overheating on a CPU, the CPU is usually equipped
with heatsink and fan.
 INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES

 Peripheral devices (mouse, headset, monitor, keyboard,

speaker etc)
 Connected to the computer but not essential part of it.
 Input is whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a
variety of forms, from commands you enter by keyboard to
data from another computer (via a network connection) or
device (via direct or network connection). A device that feeds
data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called
an input device.
 Output is any information (data) that comes out of a
computer. Output devices can be other computers, display
screens, speakers, and printers.
 MEMORY (Primary and
Secondary)
 It holds the computer data
 Primary-directly accessible to the CPU.
 Secondary- external memory storing data
 SUPER COMPUTER

 Biggest and fastest computers in terms

of speed and processing data.
 Main frame

 High storage capacity and great

performance.
 They can support hundreds or
thousands of users at the same time
 MINICOMPUTER

 Medium size multi-processing unit

 It supports 4 t0 200 users at one time.
 Low weight
 WORKSTATION COMPUTER

 Designed for technical or scientific

applications
 Fast microprocessor with large amount
of RAM
 High speed of graphics
 SERVER COMPUTER

 Computers that are combined data and

programs.
 It does not solve bigger problems.
 ANALOG COMPUTER

 Computers Designed to process analog

data
 DIGITAL COMPUTER

 Easily perform calculation and logical

operations at high speed.
 HYBRID COMPUTER

 Combination of
Both analog and digital computer.
TABLETS AND SPAMRT PHONES

 Types of computers that are pocket

friendly and easy to carry and handy.
 One of the most modern technology..
 Activity:

Design your own computer of the future.

Illustrate/ sketch your computer and
explain its capabilities. Write a
paragraph describing your computer.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE

Hardware refers to the

physical elements of a
computer. This is also
sometime called the
machinery or the equipment of
the computer.
 COMPUTER HARDWARE
Example:
 CPU (Central Procssing Unit) –modem-diskette
 Disk Drive-peripheral device that reads or write
information on a disk.
 Keyboard- peripheral device that used to input
data by pressing keys.
 Mouse- peripheral device that used to clicking,
dragging and more.
 Monitor- peripheral device that used to display
information visually
 Printer-
peripheral device that used to convert
an output from a computer into printed image.
HARDWARE
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software, commonly known as
programs or apps, consists of all the
instructions that tell the hardware how to
perform a task. These instructions come
from a software developer in the form
that will be accepted by
the platform (operating system + CPU)
that they are based on. For example, a
program that is designed for the
Windows operating system will only work
 2 MAJOR SOFTWARE

1. System software
2. Application Software
 2 MAJOR SOFTWARE

1. System software: Helps run the

computer hardware and computer
system itself. System software
includes operating systems, device
drivers, diagnostic tools and more.
System software is almost always
pre-installed on your computer.
 OPERATING SYSTEM

 a set of programs that

coordinates all the activities
among computer hardware
devices.
MS Windows 7,8,10,11
Macintosh
Linux
 2 MAJOR SOFTWARE

2. Application software: is a computer program

designed to carry out specialized task for users.
 Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks. It
includes word processing, web browsing and almost
any other task for which you might install software.
(Some application software is pre-installed on most
computer systems.)
 Microsoft Office-Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Publisher,
Educational software, database software,
Entertainment software etc.
 Example:
SOFTWARE
 Applications- completes self contained programs that perform specific function
( Spreadsheet,text editor, database etc. )
 Bit (Binary Digit) – computers basic unit of information. It's like the dots and
dashes in Morse code for a computer. It's also called machine language.
 Byte –is a unit of digital information storage or transmission that most commonly
consist of eight (8) bits.
 Kilobyte( KB )- KB is 1000 Bytes. When measuring disk space, one KB is 1024
bytes (210).
 Megabyte ( MB )- A megabyte is approximately 1000KB. Technically, it is 1024KB
(1024 x 1024).
 Gigabytes ( GG ) – gigabyte is a unit of data storage worth approximately a billion
bytes, meaning either 1000MB or the more technical 1024MB (1024 x 1024 x
1024). More often than not in advertising, Gigabytes are presented as 1 billion
bytes and not 1,073,741,824 (It's only off by 7%.).
 Terabyte (TB) is 10244 and is defined as about one trillion bytes, or 1024
gigabytes. Data centers such as those operated by Google handle thousands if
not millions of terabytes of data each day
 A petabyte (PT) is a unit of information or computer storage equal to one
quadrillion bytes (10245).
 Icon – small picture that represent a file or a [Link] is a graphic symbol on a
computer display screen that represents an application, an object (such as file), of
function (such as the command to save).
 Internet- global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the
internet protocol suite ( TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.
Do you think that computer hardware and
software are interconnected?Yes or No?
Explain
Assume that a human is an information
processing machine similar to a computer.
Complete the table.

Input is done with…

Information processing
is done by…

Output is done with…

Storage is done with…

To calculate, compare
arrange…
 INTERNET


A worldwide system of computer
networks-a network of networks in
which users at any one computer
can, if they have permission, get
information from any other
computer.
 INTERNET

 Largest
computer network in the world,
connecting millions of computers.
 COMPUTER NETWORKS

1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

 Two or more connected computers sharing
certain resources in a relatively small
geographic location, often in the same building.
[Link] AREA NETWORK (WAN)
 Consist of two or more LANs
 Computers are farther apart and link by
telephone lines, dedicated telephone lines or
radio waves.
 BIRTH OF THE INTERNET
ARPANET
WORLD WIDE WEB
(1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a software
engineer)
 Virtual network of websites connected by hyperlinks (or “links”).
 -Wide-area Hypermedia Information Retrieval Universal Access
with large universe of documents.
 -Computer-based network of information resources that
combines text and multimedia, with a system of interlinked
hypertext documents and information that can be accessed and
searched through the internet
 USES OF INTERNET

 Find information
 File Sharing
 Communication and social networking
 Remote Access
 Instant Messaging
 Voice Over IP
Blog
 Podcast
 RULES AND TIPS WHEN USING
THE INTERNET
 Be careful about opening emails
 Don’t View Inappropriate websites
 Don’t give your personal information
 Guard your e-main address
 Ask the guidance of an Adults (Parents/Guardians)
 Use an anti spam program
 Do not reply to a spam email and never click on the
link
 Make sure to have anti-virus program