GSM
GSM COURSE
COURSE
Date 6/3/2006
Course Outlines
• 1-basic communication concepts
• 2-GSM introduction
• 3-GSM system architecture
• 4-GSM system interface
• 5-GSM radio Link
• 6-Mobility Management
• 7-call management
• 8-Radio Resource Management
• 9-GSM system Services
Lesson1:basic Communication
Concepts
• 1-Base band signal.
• 2-pass band transmission.
• 3-Modulation techniques.
• 4-Multiple access techniques.
Base band signal
• Features:
• -Low frequency range is occupied.
• -no modulation is done.
• -may be analog or digital.
Types:
-analog
-digital
Base band signal (cont.)
Analog:
t
Base band signal (cont.)
Analog:
BW
Base band signal (cont.)
Digital:
Base band signal (cont.)
Digital:
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
Tb
Rb
Base band signal (cont.)
Transmission medium:
1- Twisted-pair:
It is very low bandwidth and it is easily tapped either
physically or by monitoring its electromagnetic radiation
2- Coaxial cable:
It is greater bandwidth than twisted-pair but it is very
expensive.
3- optical fibers:
It is very high bandwidth , very high bit rate and inherently
transmission medium.
Pass band transmission
Why wireless?
Why modulation?
Digital vs analog in wireless comm.
.Modulation techniques-3
• Analog (AM,FM)
• Digital (ASK,FSK,PSK)
Multiple access techniques
• 1-FDMA
• 2-TDMA
• 3-CDMA
FDMA
Strength
f1 f2 f3
TDMA
Strength e
T im
f1
f2
f3 Frequ
ency
CDMA
Strength
Frequency
CDMA
Exercise 1
A-TDMA can be used only in
1-analog transmission
2-digital transmission
B-TDMA can not used with FDMA
1-true
2-false
C-Coaxial cable can bear higher frequency than twisted pair
1-true
2-false
D-wireless communication need no modulation to be done
1-true
2-false
E-pass band signal must have wider bandwidth than base band
signal
1-true
2-false
Lesson2:GSM introduction
• Lesson objectives:
• 1-wireless systems.
• 2-backgroung of GSM system.
• 3-objectives of GSM system.
• 4-GSM c/ch .
• 5-cellular system c/ch.
• 6-frequency reuse.
• 7-cell terminology .
• 8-cell types.
Wireless systems
• Goal:
• Allow users access to the
capabilities of the global network
at any time without regard to
location and mobility.
Wireless systems
(cont.)
• Types:
• 1-cordless phone.
• 2-cordless systems.
• 3-cellular phone.
• 4-Air phone.
• 5-paging.
• 6-mobile satellite services.
Wireless systems
(cont.)
1-cordless phone.
-home or office
-limited area 50->100m
-walking user
-connected to user base station
which is connected to PSTN
Wireless systems
(cont.)
2-cordless systems
-digital cordless telephony advancement
-enhanced functionality
-support higher data rate
-support sophisticated applications
-use of multiple handsets connected to one home
base station
-user is allowed moving out his home base station
But you must be in an area of special base station.
Wireless systems
(cont.)
3-cellular phone
-analog:
AMPS-TACS-NMT
-Digital:
GSM,CDMA IS-95
Wireless systems
(cont.)
4-air phone :
For air planes calls initiated from it
Wireless systems
(cont.)
5-paging:
-messaging services.
-allow send message to user of
unknown location
-tones are sent or alphanumeric
parameters
Wireless systems
(cont.)
6-Mobile satellite services:
Where mobile cellular communications fail
due to :
1-Not economically viable (Low population)
2-physically impractical( over large bodies
of water)
Back ground of GSM
• Cellular systems:
• 1-1st generation
Analog systems (AMPS,NMTS,TACS)
• 2-2nd generation GSM-cdma1
• 3-3rd generation
(CDMA2000,UMTS)
Back ground of GSM (cont.)
• Cellular systems:
• 1-1st generation
• At bell labs at (AT&T) at America
in 70’s they realized AMPS
• It was available at 1983
• Other systems similar to AMPS
were developed in other European
countries.
Back ground of GSM (cont.)
• Cellular systems:
• 2-2nd generation
• Motivation:
• A-low rate digital speech coding
• B-continuous increase in the
device density of integrated ccts
• EIA,TIA adopted CDMA
• ETSI adopted GSM standard
Back ground of GSM (cont.)
• Cellular systems:
• 3-3rd generation
• ETSI ->UMTS
• ITU->IMT2000
• ADDITIONAL SERVICES
• HIGHER DATA RATES
• MOTION PICTURE TRANSMISSION
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
• 1-BETTER SPEECH QUALITY
• 2-SPEECH PRIVACY AND SECURITY IS IMPROVED
THROUGH ENCRYPTION
• 3-HIGH SPECTRAL EFFICINCY
• 4-BETTER RESISTANCE TO INTERFERENCE
• 5-DATA SERVICES AND ISDN COMPATIBILITY
• 6-EFFICIENT USE OF BATTERY POWER BY POWER
CONTROL
History of GSM
• 1-GSM establishment
• Analog systems failed to
accommodate increasing number of
users.
• Analog systems failed to achieve
compatibility between different
systems.
• Fixed network (PSTN) became
digital.
History of GSM (cont.)
• 2-GSM group
• CEPT “conference europeene des
posts et telecommunications”
Established GSM group 1982 to
develop uniform standard(GSM900)
• A memorandum of understanding to
build standard digital mobile radio
systems is achieved.
History of GSM (cont.)
• 3-ETSI
• In 1988 ETSI took the control of GSM
• 4-GSM-900 established 900MHZ band
• Two 25Msubchannels
• 5-GSM1800
• Extra capacity as 75MHZ for each
subchannels
• 6-GSM 1900
• Same network components but
bandwidth of 60M
Objectives of GSM
• 1-common radio spectrum in all countries.
• 2-integrated European system with international
roaming.
• 3-creat large single market.
• 4-standardization of network components and
interfaces
• 5-increase the available radio spectrum capacity
• 6-better security functions
• 7-compatibility with the evolutional fixed digital
network.
• 8-accommodate new services
Mobile system
uplink
BTS
Downlin
k
Main characteristics of GSM system
• GSM 900
• GSM 1800
• GSM 1900
GSM 900
Uplink(25M) 20M Downlink(25M)
890 915 935 960
20M
890 915 935 960
200k
# of channels=25M/200K=125-1”for
filtering”=124
Duplex spacing=45M
Spectrum Allocation (GSM 900)
Downlink 935 – 960 MHz
Uplink 890 – 915 MHz
KHz 200
890.2 890.6 Uplink
1
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
890 890.4 915 F (MHz)
935.2 935.6 Downlink
1 2 3 4 121
121 122 123 124
935 935.4 960 F (MHz)
GSM 900 Frequency Allocation
GSM 1800
Uplink(75M) 20M Downlink(75M)
171 1785 1805 1885
0
20M
171 1785 1805 1885
0 200k
# of channels=75M/200K=375-1”for
filtering”=374
Duplex spacing=95M
GSM 1900
Uplink(60M) 20M Downlink(60M)
1850 1910 1930 1990
20M
1850 1910 1930 1990
200k
# of channels=60M/200K=300-1”for
filtering”=299
Duplex spacing=80M
:Multiplexing techniques
• FDD: uplink uses channel different
in frequency from downlink
• TDD: use for uplink and downlink
the same frequency channels but
different time slots
GSM techniques used
• 1-Multiple access techniques
• FDMA
• TDMA
Physical Channels
GSM band is divided into 124 RF channels, and each channel is
divided into 8 time slots using TDMA.
These time slots are called “physical channels”.
CH 124 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5
CH 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
Multiplexing techniques
• FDD
Uplink(25M) 20M Downlink(25M)
890 915 935 960
??QUESTION
• Compare between
AMPS,GSM,CDMA1
• For the following point of views
• 1-digital or analog communication
• 2-spectrum allocated
• 3-multiple access techniques used
• 4-multiplexing techniques
cellular system characteristics-5
• At bell labs it was proposed the
idea of cellular system which was
the main reason for widely used
mobile systems
• The idea based on a historical
words say ”divide and conquer”
• Divide each region into cells
• 1-Do not transmit large power.
• 2-No interference you suffer from.
Cellular system
Cellular System Concepts
• The Area to be covered is
divided into small cells.
So,
Low Transmission power.
Smaller equipment size.
Capacity of the system can be
increased,
Ex.: In the figure:
Capacity of one big cell =
Capacity of the band Capacity of cellular design =
7 * Capacity of one big cell.
Cellular System Concepts
” “Sectorization
For more efficient use of available spectrum and
hence enhancing the system capacity ,each cell is
divided into three sectors of 120o
In each sector a directional antenna is used whose
narrow beams allow reusing the channels more
often
Sectorization is suitable to use in dense urban
areas
Cellular System Concepts
” “Sectorization
Directional Antenna
Cellular System Concepts
” “Omni Sector
Omni Antenna
Cellular System Concepts
” “Frequency reuse
3
2 4
Reuse Pattern(Cluster): 1
Cells are grouped into Clusters 7 5
Available Band is distributed among the 6
cells of the cluster
“N” is the number of cells in a cluster . N=7 Cell Cluster
Each frequency is reused after the same D
distance “D”
3
Reuse Plan = >> (D/R)²= 3N 3 2 4
2 4 1
Where R is the cell radius 1
7 5
7 5 6
6 3
2 4
3
1
2 4
1 7 5
6
7 5
6
7 Cell Reuse Plan
Limitation on the cell size
• As cell size decrease:
• Adv:
• 1-lower power transmitted
• 2-high capacity
• 3-freq reuse factor increase
• Disadv:
• More handover occur
Cellular system structure
Hierarchical Non hierarchical
Non hierarchical
ٍ-standard size
cell
Cellular system structure
Hierarchical Non hierarchical
hierarchical
Lower small
Middle medium
Upper large
Lower cells
• Uses:
• 1-cover small sizes
• 2-increase capacity
• 3-increase coverage quality
• 4-serve hot spots
• 5-serve dead spots
• C/CH:
• 100m--->1Km
• Antenna below the roof level
• Large freq reuse due to low transmit power and
building is used as isolation
Middle cells
• Size :
• may be in order of standard cells
• Uses:
• Serves medium fast mobiles which
enhance handover
Upper cells
• Uses:
• Serves fast mobiles which enhance
handover
• Cover larger area compared to
middle cells
• It is called umbrella cells
Course Outlines
• 1-basic communication concepts
• 2-GSM introduction
• 3-GSM system architecture
• 4-GSM system interface
• 5-GSM radio Link
• 6-Mobility Management
• 7-call management
• 8-Radio Resource Management
• 9-GSM system Services
Basic GSM Network
Structure
lesson3-GSM system
architecture
-Lesson objectives:
• 1-define each entity in the system
• 2-know the function of each part in
the system
• 3-Know the interfaces between
different entities
