1
SEVEN (7) TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Lesson 1 : The 7 types o
2
Communication Models
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
LASSWELL’S MODEL
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
THE RILEYS MODEL
BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL
THE CONTEMPORARY MODEL
3
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
Aristotle, your well known Ancient
Greek thinker, unveiled an
operation involving by oral
communication within his / her
creating 3 hundred years prior to
the birth involving Christ. The
task is regarded worthy inside
whichch analyzed involving
modern day communication. He
articulated any communication
practice consisting of a new
loudspeaker, a message and also
a listener. The Aristotelian model
of communication can be as
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
4
Aristotle pointed out that the person at the end
of communication process plays the key role to
whether or not communication takes place.
3 Elements of a good
communicator
Ethos – It is the characteristic that makes a speaker credible in front of the audience.
- if there is not credibility, the audience will not believe you and will no be persuaded
by you.
Pathos – It is the characteristic that makes a speaker connect with the audience.
- If the speaker says things that matter to the audience and they connect with it,
they will be interested and will think that the speaker is credible.
Logos – It is logic. People will believe in the speaker if they understand what the speaker
is trying to say.
There are few criticisms around this
model, some of them are:
• There is no concept of feedback, it is a
one way communication from the speaker
to the audience.
• There is no concept of communication
failure like noise nor barriers.
• This model can only be used in public
speaking.
LASSWELL’S MODEL
7
Harold Lasswell, a political
scientist, designed a
communication exchanges
type mixing the main elements
of communication exchanges.
His model has become widely
discussed in 1940s. The
majority of modern-day
theorists talk about these
several areas of the actual
communication procedure by
employing diverse terminology.
The particular Lasswell’s type
LASSWELL’S MODEL
8
He or she expressed the actual type because, “Who
affirms exactly what, in which funnel, to be able to
which, in doing what effect. ” Which means,
Lasswell’s style of verbal exchanges consists of
several parts- Sender (who), Message (what) in
addition to receiver (whom). Lasswell included solely
the actual component-channel.
Laswell’s communication
Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication, this model is used
for interpersonal communication or group communication to be disseminated
message to various groups in various situations.
Lasswell’s model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries and
businesses at that time. Only rich people used to have communication mediums
such as televisions and radios back them. It was made to show the mass media
culture.
Explanation of different Components of Lasswell’s Model
● Control analysis helps the sender to have all the power.
● Content analysis is associated to stereotyping and representation
of different groups politically. It is also related to the purpose or the
ulterior motives of the message.
● Media analysis represents which medium should be used to
exercise maximum power against the receivers.
● Audience analysis shows who are the target population to be
manipulated or brain-washed.
● Effect analysis is done before the process starts. It is used to
predict the effect of message over the target population to be
exploited.
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL 17
The United States
applied mathematician
Claude Shannon and
also Industrial engineer
Warren Weaver
produced a new
mathematical theory
regarding conversation
within 1949 although
working at bell Mobile
phone Laboratories in
the United States.
18
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL
In the model, they indicated a sixth (6) element,
noise as a dysfunctional factor. The model is shown
below:
The Shannon Weaver model mathematical theory of communication
follows the concept of communication in a linear fashion from sender to
receiver with the following steps:
1. Sender (information source) - is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the
message.
2. Encoder (Transmitter) - is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into signals or binary
data. It might also directly refer to the machine.
3. Channel - is the medium used to send message.
4. Noise - is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to
the receiver as what is sent.
5. Decoder - is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the receiver who
translates the message from signals.
6. Receiver - is the person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach. The receiver
provides feedback according to the message.
7. Feedback – is when the receiver of the message responds to the sender.
ADVANTAGES
• It explains the barrier to effective communication very well
• It breaks down communication into understandable parts
• Transferrable to multiple situations
DISADVANTAGES
• It’s a linear Model/Theres insufficient regard for feedback
• It doesn’t account for power relationships
• It doesn’t address one to many relationship
22
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
Wibur Schramm, the well-
known communication
theorist, designed an easy
devices communication
model in his book “The
course of action in addition
to Effects
involving “Mass
Communication” Within the
product, Schramm found
because Aristotle would, of
which communication usually
requires about three
elements-the resource, this
23
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
Ultimately, the original source encodes a communication in
addition to direct that to its desired destination via some
programmers, in which the message is usually obtained in
addition to decoded. Schramm’s product is really as comes
after:
Osgood-Schramm
Model of
Communication
Charles Egerton Osgood was an
American psychologist and
professor at the University of
Illinois. He was known for his
research on behaviorism versus
cognitivism, semantics, cross-
culturalism, psycholinguistic
theory, and peace studies. He is
credited with helping in the early
development of psycholinguistics.
Wilbur Lang Schramm,
was a scholar and
"authority on mass
communications". He
founded the Iowa Writers'
Workshop in 1935 and
served as its first director
until 1941.
The Osgood-Schramm model
of communication is a
communication theory. It
explains how we
communicate.
1
It emphasizes four key principles:
1. That communication is circular, not linear. The
listener can both receive and send messages (in most
instances).
2. That communication is usually equal and reciprocal.
3. That there is a lot of interpretation involved when
receiving a message.
4. That all communication requires three steps:
encoding, decoding and interpreting a message.
Message
Encoder Encoder
Interpreter Interpreter
Decoder Decoder
Message
2
Principle 1: Circular
Communication
The image above shows how
the Osgood-Schramm model
works. It involves circular
communication between two
people. Each person is both a
sender and a receiver. They
are therefore able to
communicate to one another,
rather than only in one
direction.
“In fact it is
misleading to think of
the communication
process as starting
somewhere and
ending somewhere. It
is really endless. We
are really switchboard
centers handling and
re-routing the great
endless current of
information.”
(Schramm, 1955)
Principle 2: Communication involves Interpretation
Schramm was insistent that communication is not simply the
passing of a packet of information from a sender to a
receiver. Instead, he saw that messages must be interpreted
in order for them to be understood.
In the process of interpretation, however, a lot of meaning
can be lost. We call the lost or misinterpretation of
information “semantic noise” caused by “semantic barriers”.
Semantic barriers are specifically the values, beliefs and
background knowledge that impact how someone sends
and how someone receives messages.
Principle 3: Communication requires
Encoding, Decoding and Interpreting
You can see in the image above that each
actor in the communication sequence has
three roles: encoding, decoding and
interpreting.
Principle 4: Equal and Reciprocal Communication
Because both members of the communication have the
capacity to encode, decode and interpret, this model views the
two members of the conversation as equal participants. This
model therefore works very well to understand a face-to-face
conversation or text message exchange, for example, where
both members of the conversation will have a back-and-forth
discussion.
This equal communication model is very different to many
others, which see communication as a one-way street where
people take the role of either ‘sender’ or ‘receiver’. By contrast,
Schramm’s model sees the participants as both sender and
receiver of messages.
• Shows how feedback can work
ge
• Recognizes that communication
ta is complex
an
• Sees us as active
v
communicators
Ad
• Doesn’t recognize that
communication can be
unequal
• Doesn’t work for mass
communication
https://helpfulprofessor.com/osgood-schramm/
https://prezi.com/ze-aixukfyxx/osgood-schramm-model-of-communication/
https://www.slideshare.net/AhmedHussain180/osgood-schramm-model-of-commun
ication-1954
38
THE RILEYS MODEL
John W. Riley and
Matilda White Riley, a
husband and wife
team of sociologists
pointed out the
importance of the
sociological view in
communication. They
developed a model to
illustrate sociological
implications in
communication
39
THE RILEYS MODEL
40
BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL
David K. Berlo, a
communication theorist and
consultant developed a
model named
S-M-C-R model of
communication in 1960 in
his book “The process of
communication”. Berlo
pointed out the importance
of the psychological view in
his communication model.
The four parts of Berlo’s S-
M-C-R model are S = Source,
M = Message, C = Channel
42
BERLO’S S-M-C-R MODEL
43
The Four (4) Elements of Berlo’s Model
Source : Might be one person, a group of people of a company.
Several things determine how a source will operate in the communication
process such as : Communication Skills like abilities to think, write,
draw and speak.
Message : Message is the information, views of thoughts to be sent by
the source. The source must choose the code or language for sending the
message.
Channel : The channel is the method such as telegraph, newspaper, radio,
letter, poster or other media through which the message will be
transmitted.
Receiver : Receiver is the final element in the communication process.
The receiver is the audience of the message.
CONTEMPORARY MODEL 57
1 2
The modern-day style of Off their work, the ultra-modern,
communication features developed as well as a modern-day style of
primarily from the early on work communication, developed. The
associated with Shannon along with normal regions of a modern-day
Weaver along with Schramm. These style of communication incorporate
experts have been related to communicator, encoding,
expounding on the process of information, moderate, recipient,
communication in a way that may be decoding, and suggestions
useful in most situations. along with sounds.
58
CONTEMPORARY MODEL
59
