Introduction to

Power
Systems(ECEG-3176)

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
(AAiT)
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Instructor: Awraris Getachew
 Chapter 5
Characteristics and performance of power transmission lines

Representation of Transmission Lines

● Transmission lines are normally operated with a
balanced three phase load.
● The analysis can therefore proceed on a per phase
basis.
𝐼𝑆 𝐼𝑅

𝑉𝑆 Two Port Network 𝑉𝑅

2
Cont’d…
3
It is convenient to represent the single phase
equivalent of a transmission line by the two-port
network, where in the sending end voltage VS
and current IS are related to the receiving end
voltage VR and current IR through A, B, C and D
parameters as:

● In matrix form:

3
Cont’d… 4
A, B, C and D are the parameters that depend
on the line parameters R, L, C and G.
The ABCD parameters are, in general complex
numbers.
A and D are dimensionless.
B has units of Ohms and C has units of Siemens.
The following identity holds true for ABCD
𝐴𝐷− 𝐵𝐶=1
constants:

For symmetrical network A and D are equal

4
Cont’d…
5

To avoid confusion between total series

impedance and series impedance per unit
length, the following notation is used:
Series impedance per unit length: m
Shunt admittance per unit length: m
Total series impedance: Ω
Total shunt admittance: S
Line length in meter: m
 The shunt conductance G is usually neglected
for overhead transmission lines

5
Cont’d… 6
The parameters of transmission lines which are
discussed in chapter three are uniformly
distributed along the lines.
For lines of short and medium length we can
use lumped parameters with good accuracy.
For long transmission lines the parameters
must be taken as distributed parameters.
Because approximating the uniformly
distributed parameters of long lines to lumped
parameters results considerable error.

6
Short Transmission Line (<
7
80km)

Capacitance may be ignored with out much
error if the lines are less than 80 km long or if
the voltage is not over 66 kV.

[ ][
𝑉𝑆
𝐼𝑆
=
1
0
𝑍
1 ][ ]
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅

7
Cont’d… 8
The phasor diagram for the short line is shown
below for lagging current.
=++
is very small
=
=+(+)

8
Voltage Regulation
9

Voltage regulation of transmission lines may be

defined as the percentage change in voltage at
the receiving end of the line expressed as
percentage of full load voltage in going from no-
load to full-load |𝑉 𝑅 |−|𝑉 𝑅 |
𝑁𝐿 𝐹𝐿

% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= ×100

|𝑉 𝑅 |
𝐹𝐿

Where:= magnitude of no-load receiving end voltage

= magnitude of full-load receiving end voltage

9
Cont’d…
10

For short lines ,at no load, and:

|𝑉 𝑆|−|𝑉 𝑅|
% 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= × 100
|𝑉 𝑅|

10
Cont’d…
11

Percent Voltage Regulation=|𝐼 |¿ ¿

In the above derivation has been considered
positive for a lagging load. Will be negative for
leading load
For leading power factor load
Percent Voltage Regulation=|𝐼 |¿ ¿

11
 Medium Transmission
Line
(80 km < l12< 250km)
Transmission lines more than 80 km long and
below 250 km in length are treated as medium
lines, and the line charging current becomes
appreciable and the shunt capacitance must be
considered.
Medium lines can be represented sufficiently
well by R, L and C as lumped parameters with:
Half the capacitance to neutral of the line
lumped at each end of the equivalent circuit
(π-model) or
Half of the series impedance lumped at each
side of the line (T- model).
12
Cont’d… 13
Nominal π-model

13
Cont’d…

14
Cont’d…
14

15
Cont’d…
15

T-model

[ ( )
]
𝑌𝑍 𝑌𝑍
1+ 𝑍 1+
[ ]
𝑉𝑆
𝐼𝑆
=
𝑌
2
1+
𝑌𝑍
2
4
[ ]
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑅

16
Long Transmission Line (> 250
km) 16

For short and medium length lines, accurate

models were obtained by assuming the line
parameters to be lumped.
In case of long TLs, for accurate solutions the
parameters must be taken as distributed
uniformly along the length

17
Cont’d…
17

18
Cont’d…
18
If we differentiate again the above equation:

The real part, is known as the attenuation

constant, and the imaginary part, is known as
the phase constant.
19
Cont’d…
19
For the current:

20
Cont’d…
20

Next, the integration constants and are

evaluated from the boundary conditions.
When and , from the above voltage and current
equations, we get:
𝑉 𝑅 =𝐶1 + 𝐶 2
1
𝐼 𝑅 = (𝐶 ¿ ¿1 − 𝐶 2)¿
𝑍𝐶
Solving these equations, we obtain:
𝑉 𝑅+ 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅
𝐶 1=
2
𝑉 𝑅− 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅
𝐶2 = 21
2
Cont’d…
21

Substituting the values of and into the voltage

and current equations, we obtain:
( 𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) 𝛾 𝑥 (𝑉 𝑅 − 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) − 𝛾 𝑥
𝑉 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑒 + 𝑒
2 2
(𝑉 𝑅 + 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) 𝛾 𝑥 (𝑉 𝑅 − 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼 𝑅 ) −𝛾 𝑥
𝐼 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 𝑍𝐶 2 𝑍𝐶
The equations can be rearranged as follows:
𝛾𝑥 −𝛾 𝑥 𝛾𝑥 −𝛾𝑥
(𝑒 +𝑒 ) (𝑒 − 𝑒 )
𝑉 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑉 𝑅+ 𝑍 𝐶 𝐼𝑅
2 2
𝛾𝑥 −𝛾𝑥 𝛾𝑥 −𝛾 𝑥
(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) (𝑒 + 𝑒 )
𝐼 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑉 𝑅+ 𝐼𝑅
2 𝑍𝐶 2
22
Cont’d…
22

Or 𝑉 ( 𝑥 )=cosh ( 𝛾 𝑥 ) 𝑉 +𝑍 sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑥) 𝐼

𝑅 𝐶 𝑅
1
𝐼 ( 𝑥 )= sinh ( 𝛾 𝑥 ) 𝑉 𝑅 +cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑥) 𝐼 𝑅
𝑍𝐶
Our interest is in the relation between the
sending end and the receiving end of the line.
Therefore, when and . The result is:

𝑉 𝑆=cosh ( 𝛾 𝑙 ) 𝑉 𝑅 +𝑍 𝐶 sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙) 𝐼 𝑅

1
𝐼 𝑆= sinh ( 𝛾 𝑙 ) 𝑉 𝑅 +cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙) 𝐼 𝑅
𝑍𝐶
23
Cont’d…
23
Therefore, ABCD constants are:
𝐴=cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)
𝐵=𝑍 𝐶 sinh ⁡( 𝛾 𝑙)
1
𝐶= sinh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)
𝑍𝐶
𝐷=cosh ⁡(𝛾 𝑙)

24
The Equivalent Circuit of a Long
TL 24
The nominal-π circuit does not represent a
transmission line exactly because it does not
account for the parameters of the line being
uniformly distributed.
The discrepancy between the nominal-π and
the actual line becomes larger as the length
of line increases.

25
Cont’d…
25
It is possible, however, to find the equivalent
circuit of a long transmission line and to
represent the line accurately, in so far as ends
of the line are concerned, by a network of
lumped parameters.

● Comparing the above equations with the

equations in slide 23 & 24 and making use of
identity 26
Cont’d…
26
The parameters of the equivalent model are
obtained as

27
Power Flow through Transmission
Lines
Consider a simple power system as shown below

Equations for power can be derived in terms of

ABCD constants.
The equations apply to any network of two ports .

28
Cont’d…
The complex power leaving the sending end and
entering to the receiving end of the TL
becomes(per-phase basis)

Let A,B,D , the transmission line constants be written as

Therefore, we can write

29
Cont’d…
Substituting in the equation of

Similarly

Then the three phase receiving end complex power is

given by

Please see the details from the book modern power system analysis by D.P. Kothari 30
Cont’d…
From the previous equation the real and the
reactive power at the receiving end becomes

Similarly the real and reactive power at the

sending end is

31
 Cont’d…
The received power will be maximum at

Such that 𝑃 𝑅 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )=

|𝑉 𝑆||𝑉 𝑅| | 𝐴||𝑉 𝑅|
−
2

cos ( 𝛽 − 𝛼)
|𝐵| |𝐵|
The corresponding at max ) is

That means the load must draw this much leading

MVAR in order to receive the maximum real
power
 Please try to do Example 5.8 on page 162-165
(Modern power system analysis by D.P.Kothari)
32
Reactive power Compensation of
Transmission Lines
Reactive power (VAR) compensation is defined as
the management of reactive power to improve the
performance of ac systems.
The performance of transmission lines, especially
those of medium length and longer, can be
improved by reactive compensation of a series or
parallel type.
Series compensation consists of a capacitor bank
placed in series with each phase conductor of the
line.
Shunt compensation refers to the placement of
inductors from each line to neutral to reduce
partially or completely the shunt susceptance of33 a
Cont’d…
.

Reactive power Analogue

34
Cont’d…
. Series compensation reduces the series impedance

of the line, which is the principal cause of voltage
drop and the most important factor in determining
the maximum power which the line can transmit.
The desired reactance of the capacitor bank can be
determined by compensating for a specific amount of
the total inductive reactance of the line.
This leads to the term "compensation factor," which
is defined by , where is the capacitive reactance of
the series capacitor bank per phase and is the total
inductive reactance of the line per phase.

35
Cont’d…
When the nominal-π circuit is used to represent
the line and capacitor bank and if only the
sending- and receiving-end conditions of the line
are of interest, the physical location of the
capacitor bank along the line is not taken in to
account.
However, when the operating conditions along the
line are of interest, the physical location of the
capacitor bank must be taken into account.

36
Cont’d…
This can be accomplished most easily by
determining ABCD constants of the portions of
line on each side of the capacitor bank and by
representing the capacitor bank by its ABCD
constants.
The equivalent constants of the combination
(actually referred to as a cascaded connection) of
line – capacitor - line can then be determined.

37
Ferranti Effect

During light load or no-load condition, receiving

end voltage is greater than sending end voltage in
long transmission line or cable.
This happens due to very high line charging
current.
This phenomenon is known as ferranti effect.
A charged open circuit line draws significant
amount of current due to capacitive effect of the
line.
This is more in high voltage long transmission
lines.
38