NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS
APPLICATION
Presented by: Avishek Bhattacha
Msc. Biotechnology,2nd sem
Institute Of Genetic Engineering
Copyright reserved
Introduction
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology are the study and
manipulations of structures ,devices and phenomena on the length
scale of less than 100 nanometers.
Involves developing materials, devices within that size, and
analytical tools (methodology), which can be used for analysis
and measurement on a molecular scale
Interdisciplinary area :Biology, Physics, Chemistry,
Material science, Electronics, Chemical Engineering,
Information technology
Nanotechnology Plays by Different
Rules
Normal scale Nanoscale
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Analytical methods and Nano-sized
materials
Analytical tools :We now have the Technology to see nanoscale
objects through Atomic force microscopy(AFM), Electron
microscopy (EM) .
Image of ATP
synthase composed of
14subunits
Example showing the resolution of protein structure by AFM
Nano-sized materials
Unusual and different
property
- Semiconductor
nanocrystals: Size-dependent
optical property
Nanoparticles: Magnetic
nanoparticles (Ferromagnetic,
super paramagnetic), Gold,
Carbon nanotubes, Quantum
dots (Semiconductor
nanocrystals)
Future implications of nanotech
Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials
and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in
medicine, biomaterials, electronics, and energy production.
Nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any
introduction of new technology, including concerns about the
toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their
potential effects on global economics.
Nano-Biotechnology
Two of most promising technologies of future:
Biotechnology: Use of living in the creation of wealth
(products or processes)
Nanotechnology: creation, investigation and utilization of
systems that are 1000 times smaller than the components
currently used in the field of microelectronics.
The interface of these two worlds lies Nanobiotechnology
It uses nanotechnology to analyze and create biological
nanosystems
It uses biological materials and structural plans to produce
technical, functional nanosystems
Bio-molecules :Proteins, DNA, RNA, Aptamers, Peptides,
Antibody, Virus
Nano-Bio
Nano-BioConver-
Conver-
gence
gence Bio-inspired device and sys-
tem
Bio-Technology Nano-Technology
Molecular Imaging
Molecular Switch
DNA barcode
Biochip / Biosensor
Nanotherapy / Bionano-machine /
Delivery Nano-Robot
Applications and Perspectives of
Nanobiotechnology
Development of tools and methods
- More sensitive
- More specific
- Multiplexed
- More efficient and economic
Implementation
Diagnosis and treatment of diseases
- Rapid and sensitive detection (Biomarkers,
Imaging)
- Targeted delivery of therapeutics
Drug development
- Understanding of life science
- Bio-Chips
- Lab-on-a-chip
Issues to be considered
Synthesis or selection of nano-sized/ structured
materials
Functionalization with biomolecules or for
biocompatibility
Integration with devices and/or analytical tools
Assessment : Reproducibility, Toxicity
Implementation
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Bionano-DNA as template
DNA is very suitable for nanotechnological applications
from the material science point of view:
1. The diameter of ssDNA is less than 1 nm
2. DNA molecules are chemically very robust
3. Low cost of large-scale chemical DNA synthesis
4. Easy modification: for example, by biotinylation or
thiolation
Examples:
DNA used in the formation of nanowires (1998):
Metallization of dsDNA between two gold electrodes to
form conductive silver nanowire
DNA-binding proteins (Figure)
Molecular imaging
Biomedical & Biological Sciences :
Ultra-sensitive imaging of biological targets
under non-invasive in-vivo conditions.
Fluorescence, positron emission tomography,
Magnetic resonance imaging.
Ultra-sensitive imaging
- Cancer detection, cell migration, gene expression,
localization of proteins, angiogenesis, apoptosis.
- MRI : Powerful imaging tool as a result of non-
invasive nature, high spatial resolution and
tomographic capability.
Resolution is highly dependent on the molecular
imaging agents.
Signal enhancement by using contrast agents :
iron oxide nanoparticles
Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Quantum Dots
- Properties and Biological Applications
QUANTUM DOTS
Another minuscule molecule that will be used to detect cancer is a quantum dot.
Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by ultraviolet light.
The wavelength, or color, of the light depends on the size of the crystal. Latex beads
filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to specific DNA sequences.
By combining different sized quantum dots within a single bead, scientists can create
probes that release distinct colors and intensities of light. When the crystals are
stimulated by UV light, each bead emits light that serves as a sort of spectral bar code,
identifying a particular region of DNA.
Quantum Dots
Ultraviolet Ultraviolet
light off light on
Quantum Quantum Quantum dots
dot dots emit light
bead
Water Nanodevices White
molecule Quantum dots blood cell
In Vivo Cell Imaging
Live Cell Imaging
Quantum Dot Injection
▶ Red Quantum Dot lo-
cating a tumor in a live
mouse
Cell Motility Imaging
◀ Green QD filled
vesicles move to-
ward to nucleus
(yellow arrow) in
breast tumor cell
Quantum Dots Can
Find Cancer Signatures
Quantum dot beads
Cancer cells
Healthy cells
Cancer cells Quantum dot beads
Healthy cells
Nanotech in Drug Delivery
Controlled drug-delivery systems deliver drugs in the optimum
dosage for long periods
increasing the efficacy of the drug
maximizing patient comfort
enhancing the ability to use highly toxic, poorly soluble or relatively
unstable drugs
Nanoscale materials can be used as drug delivery vehicles to
develop highly selective and effective therapeutic and diagnostic
systems
Nano vs micro
nanoscale particles can travel through the blood stream without
sedimentation or blockage of the microvasculature
Small nanoparticles can circulate in the body and penetrate tissues
nanoparticles can be taken up by the cells through natural means such
as endocytosis
NANO-PORE
Another interesting nanodevice is the nanopore. Improved methods of reading the
genetic code will help researchers detect errors in genes that may contribute to
cancer. Scientists believe nanopores, tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through
one strand at a time, will make DNA sequencing more efficient.
As DNA passes through a nanopore, scientists can monitor the shape and
electrical properties of each base, or letter, on the strand. Because these properties
are unique for each of the four bases that make up the genetic code, scientists can
use the passage of DNA through a nanopore to decipher the encoded information,
including errors in the code known to be associated with cancer.
Nanopores
Single-stranded
DNA molecule
A Single-
T A stranded
C Nanopore DNA
Nanopore molecule
G
T
Nanopore
Single-stranded
DNA molecule
Water Nanodevices White
molecule Nanopores blood cell
NANO-SHELLS
Nanoshells are miniscule beads coated with gold. By
manipulating the thickness of the layers making up the
nanoshells, scientists can design these beads to absorb specific
wavelengths of light. The most useful nanoshells are those that
absorb near-infrared light, which can easily penetrate several
centimeters of human tissue. The absorption of light by the
nanoshells creates an intense heat that is lethal to cells.
Researchers can already link nanoshells to antibodies that
recognize cancer cells. Scientists envision letting these
nanoshells seek out their cancerous targets, then applying
near-infrared light. In laboratory cultures, the heat
generated by the light-absorbing nanoshells has successfully
killed tumor cells while leaving neighboring cells intact.
Nanoshells
Near-infrared light off Near-infrared light on
Nanoshell
Gold
Nanoshell absorbs heat
Water Nanodevices White
molecule Nanoshells blood cell
Nanoshells as Cancer Therapy
Nanoshells
Nanoshells
Cancer Cancer cells
cells
Healthy cells Healthy cells
Near-infrared light
Dead cancer cells
Intact healthy cells
Nanodevices as a Link Between
Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Traditional NanoBiotechnology
Cancer Treatment Cancer Treatment
Cancer cell Cancer cell
Nanodevice
Drug
Imaging
Reporting
Detection Targeting
Nanodevices Can Make Cancer Tests
Faster and More Efficient
Patient A Patient B
CONCLUSION
Researchers aim eventually to create nanodevices that do
much more than deliver treatment. The goal is to create a
single nanodevice that will do many things: assist in
imaging inside the body, recognize precancerous or
cancerous cells, release a drug that targets only those cells,
and report back on the effectiveness of the treatment.
Mini-aturization will allow the tools for many different
tests to be situated together on the same small device.
Researchers hope that nanotechnology will allow them to
run many diagnostic tests simultaneously.
REFERENCE
wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobiotechnology
Ehud Gazit, Plenty of room for biology at the bottom: An
introduction to bionanotechnology. Imperial College Press,
2007,
"Nanobiology". Nanotech-Now.com.
"Nanobiology". Swiss Nanoscience Institute.
Ng, CK; Sivakumar K, Liu X, Madhaiyan M, Ji L, Yang L,
Tang C, Song H, Kjelleberg S, Cao B. (4). Biotechnology and
Bioengineering. .
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Bionanotechnology
Nolting B, “Biophysical Nanotechnology”. In: “Methods in
Modern Biophysics”, Springer, 2005, ISBN 3-540-27703-X
http://www.nbtc.cornell.edu/
"The future of nano-biology". ZD Net.
"Nanobiology: from physics and engineering to biology".
IOP Science.
"The Nanobiology Imperative". HistorianoftheFuture.com.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank
our Principal sir Dr.
Amit Chakrabarty &
also our respected
faculties Dr. Paramita
G.Bhattacharjee $ Dr.
Madhumita
j.Mukhopadhay, of our
institution and my
classmates for helping
Thank You…
