MODULE - II
QUANTUM PHYSICS
Dr. C. R. Kesavulu, Associate Professor, Dept. of Physics
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MODULE - II
QUANTUM PHYSICS
TOPICS IN QUANTUM PHYSICS
Introduction to quantum physics
Wave Particle Duality-de-Broglie’s hypothesis
Davisson and Germer experiment,
Time-independent Schrodinger equation for wave function,
Physical significance of the wave function,
Schrodinger equation for one dimensional problems–particle in a
box.
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SCHRODINGER TIME INDEPENDENT WAVE
EQUATION
Austrian Scientist, Erwin Schrodinger developed the
wave equation of (matter wave or de-Broglie wave)
the moving particles whose solutions give the possible
wave functions that can be associated with a particle
in a given situation.
Schrodinger
This equation
waveis equation
popularly
is aknown as Schrodinger wave
mathematical
equationdescribing the energy and position of
expression
the electron in space and time, taking into
account the matter wave nature of the electron
inside an atom.
Erwin Schrodinge
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SCHRODINGER TIME INDEPENDENT WAVE
EQUATION
wave function --------------> (1)
Where
is amplitude,
,
,
The Schrödinger wave equation is a linear partial
differential equation that governs the wave function of a
quantum-mechanical system.
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SCHRODINGER TIME INDEPENDENT WAVE
EQUATION
Now, differentiating (1) with respect to ‘x’ we get
=
=> =
= > = [from (1)
= > = 0 ----------------- (2)
OR
= > + Ψ = 0 --------------- (3)
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SCHRODINGER TIME INDEPENDENT WAVE
EQUATION
we know that Debroglie wavelength λ= h/mv
+ = 0 ------------------ (4)
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Now, we know that the total energy E of the particle is
sum of its kinetic energy K and potential energy V
Therefore,
E = K + V and K= ½ mv2 =>
m2v2 = 2m (E-V)--------- (5)
From (4) & (5)
+=0
The value of h/2π is considered as
Therefore, =h/2π
+ = 0 ---------- (6)
This is Schrodinger time independent wave equation in
1-D
In three dimensional it can be written as
+ + + = 0 ---------- (7)
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PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
The actual physical significance was not clear.
Max Born’s interpretation of ‘’, given in 1926, is generally
accepted at present.
As ‘’ is a complex function is a real value.
|Ψ|2 at a point is proportional to the probability of finding the
particle at the point at any given instant.
The probability density at any point is represented by , the
probability P of finding the particle within any element of
volume dxdydz is given by
Since the total probability of finding the particle somewhere is
unity,
is such a function that satisfies condition
satisfying above equation is called a normalized function.
Besides this is a single valued continuous function.
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Characteristics of Wave Function
function must be finite
The wave function should not tend to infinity. It must remain finite for
all values of x, y, z.
function must be single–valued
Any physical quantity can have only one value at a point. For this
reason, the function related to a physical quantity cannot have more than one
value at that point.
function must be continuous
the wave function y and its space derivatives should be continuous
across any boundary.
Wave functions satisfying the above mathematical conditions are
called well-behaved wave functions.
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The Nobel Prize in Physics
2024
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 was awarded jointly to John
J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton "for foundational
discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with
artificial neural networks"
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2024
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 was awarded with one half
to David Baker “for computational protein design” and the other
half jointly to Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper “for protein
structure prediction”.
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