Chapter 2

Engineering Materials And Their

Description
ME - 205 DESIGN CONCEPTS & MACHINE DRAWING
4th Semester and 2nd Year

Mr. Punit Patel

Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Faculty of Technology & Engineering,
1 Charotar University of Science and Technology - Changa
 Engineering Materials And Their
Description
Classification & selection
Properties of materials

Reference Books
 Khurmi R. S., “Machine design”, S Chand & Sons.
 Bhandari V. B., “Design of Machine Elements”, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
 Farazdak Haideri, “Design of Machine elements”,
Nirali Prakashan

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 What we will discuss??
Selection of metals for engineering purpose
Physical properties of metals
Mechanical properties of metals
Ferrous metals and its description
Cast iron, Wrought iron, Steels and Alloy
steels
Non-ferrous metals and its description
Aluminium, Copper, Gun metal, Tin, Lead
Non-metallic materials
Plastics, Rubber, Leather, Ferrodo

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 Selection of metals for engineering
purpose
The following factors should be considered
while selecting the material :
1. Availability of the materials,
2. Suitability of the materials for the working
conditions in service,
3. The cost of the materials.

Engineering materials

Metals Non-metals

Ferrous Non-ferrous
metals metals
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 Physical properties of metals
Density
 It is mass per unit volume.
Melting point
 The melting point of a solid is the temperature
at which it changes state from solid to liquid at
atmospheric pressure.
Thermal conductivity
 thermal dt
conductivity is theQproperty
 kA of a
dx
material to conduct heat.
Coefficient of linear expansion at 20˚C
 The change in unit length in a solid when its
temperature is changed 1˚C.
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 Mechanical properties of metals
 Strength
 It is the ability of a material to resist the externally
applied forces without breaking or yielding.
 Stiffness
 It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under
stress.
Elasticity
 It is the property of a material to regain its original shape
after deformation when the external forces are removed.
Plasticity
 It is property of a material which retains the deformation
produced under load permanently.
Ductility
 It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn
6 into wire with the application of a tensile force.
  Brittleness
 It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It
is the property of breaking of a material with little
permanent distortion.
Malleability
 Itis a special case of ductility which permits
materials to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets.
Toughness
 It is the property of a material to resist fracture due
to high impact loads like hammer blows.
 Machinability
 It is the property of a material which refers to a
relative case with which a material can be cut.
Resilience
 It is the property of a material to absorb energy and
to resist shock and impact loads. It is measured by
the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume
7 within elastic limit.
  Creep
 When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high
temperature for a long period of time, it will undergo a
slow and permanent deformation called creep.
Fatigue
 When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it
fails at stresses below the yield point stresses. Such
type of failure of a material is known as fatigue.
Hardness
 It embraces many different properties such as
resistance to wear, scratching, deformation and
machinability etc. It also means the ability of a metal
to cut another metal.
 Types of hardness test
 Brinell hardness test,
 Rockwell hardness test,
 Vickers hardness (also called Diamond Pyramid) test

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 Ferrous metals
 The ferrous metals are those which have iron
as their main constituent.
 The ferrous metals used are cast iron, wrought
iron, steels and alloy steels.
 Cast Iron
The cast iron is obtained by re-melting pig
iron with coke and limestone in a furnace
known as cupola.
It is primarily an alloy of iron and carbon.
The carbon contents in cast iron varies from
1.7% to 4.5% . It also contains small amounts
of silicon, manganese, phosphorous and
9 sulphur.

 Types of cast iron
Grey cast iron
3 to 3.5% C;1 to 2.75% Si; 0.40 to 1.0% Mn; 0.15 to
1% P; 0.02to 0.15% S; and the remaining is iron
White cast iron
1.75 to 2.3% C ; 0.85 to 1.2% Si; less than 0.4% Mn
; less than 0.2% P ; less than 0.12% S, and the
remaining is iron.
Chilled cast iron
Mottled cast iron
Malleable cast iron
Nodular or spheroidal graphite cast iron

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 Recommended designation of cast
iron
FG150
FG200
FG300
FG400
SG900/2
SG600/3
SG500/7

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 Effect of impurities in Cast
iron
 The cast iron contains small percentages of silicon,
sulphur, manganese and phosphorous. The effect of
these impurities on the cast iron are as follows:
 Silicon
 It may be present in cast iron upto 4%. It makes the iron soft
and easily machinable.
 Sulphur
 It makes the cast iron hard and brittle. It is often kept below
0.1%.
 Manganese
 It makes the cast iron white and hard. It is often kept below
0.75%.
 Phosphorus
 It increase fusibility and fluidity in cast iron, but induces
brittleness. It is rarely allowed to exceed 1%.
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 Wrought iron
It is the purest iron which contains at least
99.5% iron but may contain upto 99.9%
iron.
0.020% C, 0.120% Si , 0.018% S, 0.020% P,
0.070% slag and the remaining is iron.
The wrought iron is a tough, malleable and
ductile material.
Its ultimate tensile strength is 250 MPa to
500 MPa and the ultimate compressive
strength is 300 MPa.
It can be easily forged or welded.
13 It is used for chains, crane hooks, railway
 Steel
 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with carbon
content up to a maximum of 1.5%.
 A carbon steel is defined as a steel which has
its properties mainly due to its carbon content
and does not contain more than 0.5% of silicon
and 1.5% of manganese.
Dead mild steel — up to 0.15% carbon
Low carbon or mild steel — 0.15% to 0.45%
carbon
Medium carbon steel — 0.45% to 0.8%
carbon
High carbon steel — 0.8% to 1.5% carbon
14  Steel designated on the basis of,
 Effect of impurities on steel
 The steel contains small percentages of silicon, sulphur,
manganese and phosphorous. The effect of these impurities
on the steel are as follows:
 Silicon
 Silicon is added in low carbon steels to prevent them from
becoming porous. It usually ranges from 0.05 to 0.30%.
 Sulphur
 It occurs in steel either as iron sulphide or manganese
sulphide.
 Manganese
 It serves as a valuable deoxidising and purifying agent in
steel.
 Phosphorus
 It makes the steel brittle. It also produces cold shortness in
steel. The sum of carbon and phosphorus usually does not
exceed 0.25%.
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 Alloy steel
 An alloy steel may be defined as a steel to which elements other
than carbon are added in sufficient amount to produce an
improvement in properties.
 Alloying elements used in steel are,
 Nickel
 Chromium
 Tungsten
 Vanadium
 Manganese
 Silicon
 Cobalt
 Molybdenum
 Indian Standard designation of Cutting steel
 10C8S10
 14C14C14
 40C15S12

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 Stainless steel
 Stainless steel is defined as that steel which when
correctly heat treated and finished, resists oxidation
and corrosive attack from most corrosive media.
 Different types of stainless steels are,
 Martensitic stainless steel.
 Ferritic stainless steel.
 Austenitic stainless steel.
 Indian Standard Designation of stainless
Steels,
 X 10 Cr 18 Ni 9
 15Cr16Ni2
 45Cr9Si4
 80Cr20Si2

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 High speed steel(H.S.S.)
 High speed steels are used for cutting metals at a
much higher cutting speed than ordinary carbon tool
steels. The carbon steel cutting tools do not retain their
sharp cutting edges under heavier loads and higher
speeds.
 Different types of high speed steels,
 18-4-1 High speed steel
 Molybdenum high speed steel
 Super high speed steel
 Indian Standard Designation of High Speed Tool
Steel
 XT 75 W 18 Cr 4 V 1
 XT 75W18Co5Cr4MoV1
 XT 125WCo10CrMo4V3

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 Non-ferrous metals
 The non-ferrous metals are those which contain
a metal other than iron as their chief constituent.
 Ease of fabrication (casting, rolling, forging,
welding and machining),
 Resistance to corrosion,
 Electrical and thermal conductivity and Weight
 Various non-ferrous metals used like,
 Aluminium
 Copper
 Gun metal
 Tin
 Lead

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 Aluminium(Al)
Aluminium is a chemical element in the
boron group with symbol Al and
atomic number 13. It is a silvery white, soft,
ductile metal.
It is a light metal having specific gravity 2.7
and melting point 658°C. The tensile strength
of the metal varies from 90 MPa to 150 MPa.
Aluminium alloys,
 Duralumin
 Y-alloy
 Magnalium
 Hindalium

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 Aluminum Alloys
 Duralumin
Copper = 3.5 – 4.5%; Manganese = 0.4 – 0.7%;
Magnesium = 0.4 – 0.7%, and the remainder is aluminum.
 Y-alloy.
It is also called copper-aluminium alloy. Copper =
3.5 – 4.5%; Manganese = 1.2 – 1.7%; Nickel = 1.8 – 2.3%;
Silicon, Magnesium, Iron = 0.6% each; and the remainder
is aluminium.
 Magnalium
It is made by melting the aluminium with 2 to 10%
magnesium in a vacuumand then cooling it in a vacuum or
under a pressure of 100 to 200 atmospheres. It also
contains about 1.75% copper.
 Hindalium
21 It is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium with a
small quantity of chromium. It is the trade name of
 Copper(Cu)
 Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu and
atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high
thermal and electrical conductivity.
 Its specific gravity is 8.9 and melting point is 1083°C.
The tensile strength varies from 150 MPa to 400 MPa
under different conditions.
 Copper alloys
 Copper-zinc alloys (brass)
 Copper-tin alloys (bronze)
 Phosphor bronze
 Silicon bronze
 Beryllium bronze
 Manganese bronze
 Aluminum bronze

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 Copper Alloys
 Copper-zinc alloys (Brass).

~50% Cu, ~50% Zn, small other elements.

 Copper-tin alloys (Bronze)

75 to 95% copper and 5 to 25% tin.

1. Phosphor bronze
Copper = 87–90%, Tin = 9–10%, and Phosphorus =
0.1–3%.
2. Silicon bronze.
It contains 96% copper, 3% silicon and 1%
manganese or zinc
3. Beryllium bronze.
It is a copper base alloy containing about 97.75%
copper and 2.25% beryllium.
4. Manganese bronze.
Copper = 60%, Zinc = 35%, and Manganese = 5%
23 5. Aluminium bronze.
It is an alloy of copper and aluminium. The aluminium
 Other non-ferrous metals
Gun Metal
 It is an alloy of copper, tin and zinc. It usually
contains 88% copper, 10% tin and 2% zinc. This
metal is also known as Admiralty gun metal.
Lead
 It is a bluish grey metal having specific gravity
11.36 and melting point 326°C. An alloy containing
83% lead, 15% antimony, 1.5% tin and 0.5%
copper.
Tin
 It is brightly shining white metal, soft, malleable
and ductile. A tin base alloy containing 88% tin, 8%
antimony and 4% copper is called babbit metal.
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 Non-metallic Materials
 Plastics
The plastics are synthetic materials which
are molded into shape under pressure with or
without the application of heat.
Thermosetting plastic
Thermoplastic
 Rubber
It is one of the most important natural
plastics.
 Leather
It is very flexible and can withstand
considerable wear under suitable conditions
25  Ferrodo(Asbestos lined with lead oxide)
 What we have discussed….
Selection of metals for engineering purpose
Physical properties of metals
Mechanical properties of metals
Ferrous metals and its description
Non-ferrous metals and its description
Non-metallic materials

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 Frequently asked questions
Define various properties of material with
suitable examples.
Which factors should be considered while
selecting the material?
Recommended suitable material for various
application with suitable justification.
Discuss the guideline for selecting carbon
content in steel.
Explain the designation of various metals.

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 THANK
YOU….!!
next we will discuss about…
Chapter 03 Stresses In The
28
Machine Parts