FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE
COLUMNS
SUBJECT: DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES.
SUBMITTED TO: PRESENTED BY:
PROF. [Link] SHAH MAITRI B.
DEPT. OF APPLIED MECHANICS & PATEL MAITRI A.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ME- I (CIVIL ENGG.)
MS UNIVERSITY, BARODA FRACTURE MECHANICS
STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMN
• A steel-concrete composite column is a compression member, comprising either a
concrete encased hot-rolled steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-
rolled steel and is generally used as a load-bearing member in a composite framed
structure.
• Typical cross-sections of composite columns with fully and partially concrete
encased steel sections are illustrated in Figure.
• Figure shows three typical cross-sections of concrete filled tubular sections. Note
that there is no requirement to provide additional reinforcing steel for composite
concrete filled tubular sections, except for requirements of fire resistance where
appropriate.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE COLUMN
• In composite construction, the bare steel sections support the initial construction
loads, including the weight of structure during construction.
• Concrete is later cast around the steel section, or filled inside the tubular sections.
• The concrete and steel are combined in such a fashion that the advantages of both
the materials are utilized effectively in composite column.
• The lighter weight and higher strength of steel permit the use of smaller and lighter
foundations.
• The subsequent concrete addition enables the building frame to easily limit the
sway and lateral deflections.
• Increased strength for a given cross sectional dimension.
• Increased stiffness, leading to reduced slenderness and increased buckling
resistance.
• Good fire resistance in the case of concrete encased columns.
• Corrosion protection in encased columns.
CODES FOR DESIGN OF COMPOSITE COLUMN
• EUROCODE 4 (EN 1994-1-1:2004)
• EUROCODE 8 (EN 1998)
• AISC (AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION) 2005
EUROCODE 4 (EN 1994-1-1:2004)
• GENERAL
1. Clause 6.7 applies for the design of composite columns and composite compression
members with concrete encased sections, partially encased sections and concrete
filled rectangular and circular tubes.
2. This clause applies to columns and compression members with steel grades S235 to
S460 and normal weight concrete of strength classes C20/25 to C50/60.
3. This clause applies to isolated columns and columns and composite compression
members in framed structures where the other structural members are either composite
or steel members.
4. The steel contribution ratio δ should fulfill the following condition:
0,2 ≤ δ ≤ 0,9 (6.27)
where: δ is defined in [Link](1).
5. Composite columns or compression members of any cross-section should be
checked for:
– resistance of the member in accordance with 6.7.2 or 6.7.3,
– resistance to local buckling in accordance with (8) and (9) below,
– introduction of loads in accordance with [Link] and
– resistance to shear between steel and concrete elements in accordance with [Link]
6. For composite compression members subjected to bending moments and normal
forces resulting from independent actions, the partial factor γF for those internal forces
that lead to an increase of resistance should be reduced by 20%.
7. The influence of local buckling of the steel section on the resistance shall be
considered in design.
8. The effects of local buckling may be neglected for a steel section fully encased in
accordance with [Link](2), and for other types of cross-section provided the maximum
values of Table 6.3 are not exceeded.
VERIFICATION OF COMPOSITE COLUMN
(i) Resistance of the member for
structural stability
Verification for composite
[Link] method
[Link] method
(ii) Resistance to local
buckling
column
(iii) Introduction of load
(iv) Longitudinal shear outside
the areas of load introduction
(i) METHODS OF VERIFICATION
DOUBLE SYMMETRIC CROSS SECTION
UNIFORM CROSS SECTION OVER THE MEMBER LENGTH
SIMPLIFIED METHOD LIMITED STEEL CONTRIBUTION FACTOR
RELATED SLENDERNESS RATION LESS THAN 2
METHOD OF
VERIFICATION
LIMITED REINFORCEMENT RATIO
FOR ANY TYPE OF CROSS SECTION AND ANY
GENERAL METHOD
COMBINATION OF MATERIAL
(ii) RESISTANCE TO LOCAL BUCKLING
1. Concrete encased section
verification is not necessary
where Cz ≥ 40 mm
OR
b/6
2. Concrete filled hollow section
max (d/t) = 90Ɛ2
max (d/t) = 52Ɛ
3. Partially encased I sections
fyk,o = 235 N/mm2
max (d/t) = 44Ɛ
GENERAL DESIGN METHOD
Design for structural stability shall take
account of
• second-order effects including residual
stresses
• geometrical imperfections
• local instability
• cracking of concrete
• creep and shrinkage of concrete
• yielding of structural steel and of
reinforcement.
A - concrete encased section and
bending about the strong axis
B- concrete encased section and
bending about the weak axis
C- concrete filled hollow section
PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF CROSS-SECTION AND INTERACTION
CURVE
Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces:
Npl,Rd=Npla,Rd +Nplc,Rd+Npls,Rd
Npl,Rd=Aa fyd + v Ac fcd + As f sd
Characteristic value of the plastic resistance to compressive
forces
Npl,Rk = Aa fyk+ As fsk +v Ac fck
Design strength: fyd= fsd= fcd=
• Increase of concrete strength due to better curing conditions in case of concrete
filled hollow section:
Methods of verification [Link] SIMPLIFIED METHOD
Design based on the European
buckling curves
the simplified method
Axial compression Design based on second order
analysis with equivalent
geometrical bow
imperfections
Method Design based on
Resistance of member in
second order analysis with
combined compression and
equivalent geometrical bow
bending
imperfections
• Double Symmetrical cross section
• Uniform cross section over the member
length
• Steel contribution ratio
0.2 ≤ δ ≤ 0.9
• Relative slenderness,
≤ 2.0
• Longitudinal reinforcement ratio
0.3 % ≤ ρs ≤ 6.0%
• Ratio of depth to width of composite
cross section should be within the limits
of 0.2 to 5.0
VERIFICATION OF AXIAL COMPRESSION WITH EUROPEAN
BUCKLING CURVE
DESIGN RULES ACCORDING TO EN 1994-1-1
+ ] √ ≤ ≤ fyd
fck = concrete cylinder strength
t = wall thickness of the tube
D = diamter of tube
A1 = loaded area
Ac = cross section of the concrete
Ncl = confinement factor
VERIFICATION OUTSIDE THE LOAD INTRODUCTION
DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH τrd
τrd = 0.30 N/mm2
τrd = τrd βc
βc = 1 + 0.02 cz [1 - ] ≤ 2.5
𝑐 𝑧 𝑚𝑖𝑛=40 𝑚𝑚(𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)
AISC(AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL
CONSTRUCTION) 2005
• The 2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
permits design of composite columns by either ASD
(Allowable Stress Design) or LRFD (Load and Resistance
Factor Design).
• There is no preference for one approach over the other. The
resulting designs are safe, economical, and practical.
STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS
1. ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMNS:
• The following criteria must be met:
– 1. The cross-sectional area of the steel core must comprise
at least 1% of the total composite cross section.
– 2. The concrete encasement of the steel core must be
reinforced with continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties
or spirals. The minimum lateral reinforcement must be at
least 0.009 sq. in. per inch of tie spacing.
– 3. The minimum reinforcement ratio for continuous
longitudinal reinforcing is 0.4% of the gross column area.
2. FILLED COMPOSITE COLUMN:
• The following criteria must be met:
1. The cross-sectional area of the steel HSS must comprise at
least 1% of the total composite cross section.
2. The b/t ratio for the walls of a rectangular HSS to be used in a
composite column must be less than or equal to 2.26 (E/Fy)0.5,
although higher ratios are permitted if justified by testing or
analysis.
3. The D/t ratio for the walls of a round HSS to be used as a
composite column must be less than or equal to 0.15 E/Fy
although higher ratios are permitted if justified by testing or
analysis.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING COMPOSITE COLUMN
BEAMS
1. The required strength of the member, as for any steel beam column, must be
based on a second order analysis as defined in Chapter C. This may be a
rigorous or approximate second order analysis.
2. The nominal strength of the section is determined using the plastic stress
distribution method or the more general strain compatibility method. These
methods are similar to those used in reinforced concrete column design.
3. Slenderness effects are accounted for the same as in axially loaded steel
columns
EUROCODE 8- 1998
• The Structural Eurocode Programme comprises the following standards generally
consisting of a number of Parts:
EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
SCOPE OF EN 1998
• EN 1998 applies to the design and construction of buildings
and civil engineering works in seismic regions. Its purpose is
to ensure that in the event of earthquakes:
− human lives are protected;
− damage is limited; and
− structures important for civil protection remain operational.
GENERAL
• Composite members, which are primary seismic members,
shall conform to EN 1994-1-1:2004 and to additional rules
defined in this Section.
• The earthquake resistant structure is designed with reference
to a global plastic mechanism involving local dissipative
zones; this global mechanism identifies the members in which
dissipative zones are located and indirectly the members
without dissipative zones.
• In the design of all types of composite columns, the resistance
of the steel section alone or the combined resistances of the
steel section and the concrete encasement or infill may be
taken into account.
• The design of columns in which the member resistance is
taken to be provided only by the steel section may be carried
out in accordance with the provisions of Section 6.
• In the case of dissipative columns, the capacity design rules in
7.5.2(4) and (5) and 7.5.3(3) should be satisfied.
• For fully encased columns with composite behavior, the
minimum cross sectional dimensions b, h or d should be not
less than 250 mm.
• The resistance, including shear resistance, of non-dissipative
composite columns should be determined in accordance with
the rules of EN 1994-1-1:2004.
FILLED COMPOSITE COLUMN
(1) The relationship between the ductility class of the structure
and the allowable slenderness d/t or h/t is given in Table 7.3.
(2) The shear resistance of dissipative columns should be
determined on the basis of the structural steel section or on the
basis of the reinforced concrete section with the steel hollow
section taken only as shear reinforcement.
(3) In non-dissipative members, the shear resistance of the
column should be determined in accordance with EN 1994-1-1.
ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE COLUMN
For composite columns, the flexural stiffness is given by:
(EI)c = 0.9( EIa + r Ecm Ic + E Is ) (7.14)
where
• E and Ecm are the modulus of elasticity for steel and concrete respectively;
• r is the reduction factor depending on the type of column cross-section;
• Ia, Ic and Is denote the second moment of area of the steel section, of the
concrete and of the rebars respectively.
NOTE: The value ascribed to r for use in a country may be found in its
National Annex of this document. The recommended value is r = 0.5.
REFERENCES
• EN 1994: Design of composite steel and concrete structures (Part 1.1-General rules
and rules for buildings)
• Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules,
seismic actions and rules for buildings
• Eurocodes : Background and Applications-Dissemination of information for
training (18-20 February 2008, Brussels), Institute for Steel and Composite
Structures ,University of Wuppertal.
• DESIGN OF COMPOSITE COLUMNS – STEEL, CONCRETE OR COMPOSITE
APPROACH?, Russell Q. Bridge ,Construction Technology Research Group,
University of Western Sydney , Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
• Stability analysis and design of steel-concrete composite columns, Proceedings of
the Annual Stability Conference, Structural Stability Research Council, Grapevine,
Texas, April 18-21, 2012
• Composite Column Design, By Roberto Leon Ph.D, P.E. and Larry Griffis, P.E.
THANK YOU.
