MATTER

4TH QUARTER
Gas
LESSON 1
 Overview

 One of the most important mixtures on Earth is air.

 Air is a mixture of several gases.
 Without air, no life on Earth would be possible.
 Gases, unlike other fundamental states of matter—solids and
liquids—are remarkable for having molecules that are widely
separated from one another; thus they can move freely at a
rapid motion.
 Itis for this reason that colorless gases become invisible to
us.
 Overview

 Though gases differ in chemical properties, they do behave

similarly.
 How gases behave can be explained through the gas laws
using the four macroscopic properties such as:
a. pressure (P)
b. volume (V)
c. temperature (T)
d. amount or number of moles (n).
Properties of Gases
LESSON 1
 Volume

 Molecules of gases occupy space.

 It may be proven when gas fills up its container.
 Volume, which is one of the measurable properties of gas, is
denoted by the symbol V.
 Its SI unit is in liters (L).
 Itcan also be expressed in milliliters (mL), cubic centimeters
(cm3), cubic meter (m3), and cubic decimeters (dm3).
 Volume

1 liter = 1000 milliliters

1 milliliter = 1cubic centimeter
1 cubic meter = 1,000,000 cubic centimeter

1L = 1 dm3 = 1000 mL =
1000 cm3
 Pressure

 When you inflate a balloon, it expands because molecules of

gases strike the walls of the balloon, causing pressure on it.
 Pressure of the gas is the force exerted by the gas per unit
area.
 It depends on the kinetic energy of the molecules.
 As the kinetic energy in turn depends on temperature, the
pressure is directly proportional to the temperature of the
gas.
 Pressure

In equation:
or
 The SI unit used for pressure is pascal (Pa), named after the scientist
Blaise Pascal.
 This unit is equivalent to a force of 1 newton, acting on 1 square meter.
 Pressure

 Other units of pressure are atmosphere (atm), millimeter of mercury

(mmHg), torr, bar, kilopascal (kPa), and pounds per square inch (psi).

1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 760 torr =

1.013525 bar = 101.325 kPa = 101.325 x 103 Nm-2
 Pressure

 An instrument known as barometer is used

to measure atmospheric pressure.
 A manometer, on the other hand, is used
measure gas pressure other than the
atmosphere.
 It can be two types: closed-tube manometer,
which is used to measure pressure below
atmospheric pressure ands open-tube
manometer, which is used to measure
pressures equal to or greater than the
atmospheric pressure.
 Temperature

 The temperature of a gas is denoted by the letter T.

 Thetemperature of a gas depends on the kinetic energy of
the gas.
 Gases expands when temperature increased.
 The temperature of the gas is generally expressed in
Fahrenheit (), Centigrade or Celsius degree (), and Kelvin
(K).
 Temperature is measured with the help of a thermometer.
 Temperature

 Though we often use the Celsius degree, when dealing

with the temperature involving gases, we always express
it in Kelvin temperature.
 Thus, we need to convert Celsius value to Kelvin.
 Thisunit was named after Lord Kelvin, a Scottish physicist
who has identified the lowest attainable temperature
known as absolute zero with a value -237.15 hence, the
Kelvin temperature.
 Temperature

 To convert Celsius to Kelvin, we use the equation

K = + 273.15
Comparison of Celsius Scale and Kelvin Scale Value

Celsius Scale Kelvin Scale

Absolute Zero -273.15 0

Freezing point of 0 273.15

water
Boiling point of 100 373.15
water
 Amount or Number of Moles

 The amount of gas (or mass) is another measurable

property of gas.
 The mass of the gas is related to the number of moles of
the gas.
 The mass of the gas is generally expressed in kilograms
(kg) or grams (g).
 Amount or Number of Moles

In symbols:

 The mass of the gas can be found through the process of

weighing.
 The mass of the gas can be obtained by subtracting the
mass of the container in which the gas is present from the
total mass.
Gas Laws
LESSON 1.2
 The four measurable properties of gases such as pressure,
volume, temperature, and number of moles are related to
each other.
 If one of these variables is changed, there is a
corresponding change in other variables depending on its
relationship.
 Gas law equations can be derived whenever one of these
variables is altered.
 There are four main gas laws.
 Theseare Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law,
and Avogadro’s Law.
 Theselaws are products of various experiments that were
done many centuries ago.
 TheIdeal Gas Law can be used to describe the relationship
between variables used by the four main gas laws.
BOYLE’S LAW: Volume-Pressure
Relationship
 The table shows the relationship between the pressure and the
volume using a numerical data.
 In Boyle’s experiment, it only shows that as the volume decreases,
the pressure increases, which pertains to an inverse relationship.
 This relationship can be expressed in a mathematical way:

 Where means proportional to.

 Tochange the symbol to an equal sign, a proportionality
constant k, is introduced:
 For
a given sample of gas under two different conditions at
constant temperature, the product pressure and volume is
constant, thus, it is written as follows:

 Where
P and V are the initial pressure and volume; while, P
1 1 2

and V are the final pressure and volume of the same

2

amount of gas at the same temperature.

 Example

1. Freon in an air-conditioning unit has a volume of 0.30 liter. It is

allowed to function in a room where pressure is about 628 mmHg,
assuming that the temperature is in a constant state. Find the final
pressure of Freon when its volume is increased to 0.95 liter.
 Example

2. A sample of a gas occupies a volume of 350 mL under a pressure of

0.75 atm. If the temperature is held constant, what volume will the
sample occupy under 1.0 atm of pressure?
 Example

3. A container holds 500 mL of Carbon dioxide at 20 and 742 torr.

What will be the volume of the CO2 if the pressure is increased to
795 torr?
 SEATWORK NO.2

1. A sample of nitrogen gas (N2) has a volume of 12.0 L and

a pressure of 760.0mm Hg. When the gas is released, it
gives 32.0 L of nitrogen. If the temperature is the same,
what is the new pressure of nitrogen?
2. At 00C and 5 atm, a given sample of gas occupies 75 L.
The gas is compressed to a final pressure of 14.5 atm.
What is the final volume?
3. If a gas at 25.00C occupies 3.60 liters at a pressure of 2.30
atm, what will be its volume at a pressure of 3.76 atm?
CHARLES’ LAW: Volume-Temperature
Relationship
 This law is expressed mathematically as:

 Where K is proportional constant.

 For a given sample of gas under two different
conditions at a constant pressure, the equation
can be written as:
 Example

1. A 132 mL of gas is measured at 38. If the pressure remains

constant, what will be the volume of the gas at 10?
 Example

2. The volume of a 500 mL container is decreased to 0.24 L. What is

the new temperature in Celsius if the original temperature is 80?
 Example

3. A container containing 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 100 K and

then allowed to expand to 20.0 L. What must the new temperature
in order to maintain the same pressure?
 SEATWORK NO.3

1. A gas occupies 900.0 mL at a temperature of 27.0 °C. What

is the volume at 132.0 °C?
2. Under constant pressure condition, a sample of hydrogen
gas initially at 85 °C and 7.2 L is cooled until its final volume
is 4.1 L. What is final temperature?
3. A mountain climber inhales 484.0 mL of air at a temperature
of -10.0 °C. What volume (in mL) will the air occupy in the
mountain climber’s lungs if his body temperature is 37.0 °C
assuming that the pressure remains the same?
GAY-LUSSACS’ LAW: Temperature-
Pressure Relationship
 It can be mathematically expressed as follows:

 Or dividing both sides of the equation by T;

hence
 For any two sets of pressure and temperature,
the equation can be stated as:
 Example

1. What will happen to a can of paint spray containing only the

propellant at a pressure of 750 torr at 30 if it is thrown into a heap
of garbage burning at 165?
 Example

2. A 15-L container is filled with gas to a pressure of 2.0 atm at 0. At

what temperature will the pressure inside the container be 2.75
atm?
 Example

3. A 20-L gas sample is found t exert 3.5 atm at 25 What would the
pressure be if the temperature is changed to 30?
 SEATWORK NO.4

1. A container is filled with a gas of 1.25 atm at 20℃.

a. What pressure will develop within the sealed container if
it is heated to 70 ℃?
b. At what temperature would the pressure be 2.50 atm?
c. At what temperature would the pressure be 1.00 atm?
2. The volume of a sample of gas is 750 mL at 60 ℃ and 0.7
torr. At what pressure will the sample of 1.0 L occupy
under a temperature of 421 K?
 COMBINED GAS LAW: Volume-
Pressure-Temperature

 The three properties of a gas (pressure, volume, and temperature)

usually change at once under experimental condition.
 The four variations are as follows:
1. Both T and P cause an increase in V.
2. Both T and P cause an decrease in V.
3. T causes an increase in V and P causes a decrease in V.
4. T causes a decrease in V and P causes an increase in V
 COMBINED GAS LAW: Volume-
Pressure-Temperature

 The three gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Gay-Lussac’s Laws)

discussed earlier can be combined and may be expressed into one
equation and expressed as the Combined Gas Law or the General
Gas Law.
 Combined Gas Law allows you to directly solve for the changes in
pressure, volume, or temperature.
 The equation can be expressed as:
 COMBINED GAS LAW: Volume-
Pressure-Temperature

 Scientists generally follow the customary reference point for gases,

which 0 and 1 atm pressure by international agreement.
 This reference point refers to the STP or the Standard Temperature
and Pressure.
 The temperature can also be expressed as 273.15 K and standard
pressure as 760 torr, 760, mmHg, and 76 cmHg.
 Example

1. Find the volume of a gas at STP when 2.00 liters is collected at

745.0 mm Hg and 25.0 degrees Celsius.
 Example

2. A 40.0 L balloon is filled with air at sea level (1.0 atm, 25.0 ). It is
tied t a rock and thrown in a cold body of water. It sinks to the point
where the temperature is 4.0 and the pressure is 11.0 atm. What
will its new volume be?
 Example

3. A sample of gas has a volume of 2.00 L and a pressure of 0.750 kPa

when its temperature is 25°C. If the volume is expanded to 4.00 L
and the pressure reduced to 0.500 kPa, what must the temperature
become?