Amplitude Modulation
Part-II
SSB and VSB
DSB SSB
DSB signal
Message signal
Single sideband (SSB)
Each sideband
has enough
info to reconstruct
the message
(Move in by fc
extract I component)
3. Single Sideband Modulation
• In SSB modulation, we send either the upper sideband or the lower
sideband of a DSB-SC signal.
• Each sideband provides enough information to reconstruct the
message.
• But how do we physically reconstruct the message from an SSB signal
(SSB-demodulation)?
SSB
Demodulatio
n
• The baseband message can be reconstructed if we can move the component near
+fc to the left by fc, and the component near −fc to the right by fc; that is, if we
move in the passband components towards the origin.
• This can be achieved by multiplying the USB signal by
• The undesired signal at can be suppressed out by LPF. Desired signal is recovered
at baseband.
• Hence, SSB signal can be demodulated by coherent demodulation like DSB-SC.
• Check that: same argument applies for LSB signal as well.
Time-Domain Representation of SSB Signals
• (ω)M(ω)u(ω),
• (ω)M(ω)u(-ω)
Let FT pairs are defined as
• (ω)
• (ω)
Time-Domain Representation of SSB
Signals
• Since (ω) and (ω) are not even functions of ω, their inverse
Fourier transforms are not real functions of t (complex)
• (ω) and (ω) are conjugates i.e., (-ω) =(ω)
•=
• Again m(t)=+
• Therefore, from above, we can express
………………….(4.13)
Determine
• Applying time convolution property and
•
= Hilbert Transform of m(t)
If m(t) is passed through a transfer function H(w), then o/p is
• Thus, Hilbert transform is an ideal phase shifter that shifts the phase of every
spectral component by
• Now express the SSB signal in terms of m(t) and .
• We see that
𝑈 𝑈𝑆𝐵
𝑢𝑈𝑆𝐵
𝑢𝑈𝑆𝐵
𝑢 𝐿𝑆𝐵
𝑢 𝑆𝑆𝐵
𝑢 𝑆𝑆𝐵 ¿
Ans.
Verify the result …
Generation of SSB Signals
1. Selective filtering method: Use a sharp cut-off filter to eliminate the undesired
sideband of DSB-SC. Such an ideal filter is unrealizable.
• However, if the baseband spectrum has little power near dc (f=0), we can use
gradual cutoff filter to eliminate the undesired sideband.
• Example: speech signal freq. component (f<300 Hz) are not so important. We
can have a 600 Hz transition region around fc.
Implementing SSB by Phase-shift
method
Implementing Hilbert transform avoids need for sharp filtering at passband
To achieve phase shift for all freq. components over a band of freq. is also
difficult. We can, at best, approximate it over a finite band.
4. Vestigial-sideband (VSB)
Modulation
• Generation of SSB signal is difficult
• Selective filtering method demands dc null in the modulating signal spectrum
• An ideal Phase shifter realization is impossible or realizable approximately
• Generation of DSB signal is much simpler but it needs twice the message bandwidth
• Vestigial-side band also called asymmetric sideband system is a compromise
between DSB and SSB.
• VSB is similar to SSB, in that it also tries to reduce the transmitted bandwidth relative
to DSB, and the transmitted signal is a filtered version of the DSB signal. The idea is to
mainly transmit one of the two sidebands, but to leave a vestige (a trace or remnant
of something) of the other sideband in order to ease the filtering requirements.
VSB signaling
• Easy to realize such a filter
• Bandwidth requires 25-33 % extra than SSB signals.
Vestigial-sideband (VSB) Modulation
• Consider the DSB-SC signal
2m(t) cos 2πfct ↔ M(f − fc) +M(f + fc)
• This is filtered by a passband VSB filter with transfer function Hp(f), to
obtain the transmitted signal with spectrum
• UVSB(f) = Hp(f) (M(f − fc) +M(f + fc))
Demodulation
• When is is passed through a LPF, we should get the
demodulated o/p (Inphase component)
• The o/p of LPF after discarding high freq terms
How to choose VSB filter?
Structure of the filter Hp(f): A close
Look
• Consider time-domain expression for the passband filter impulse
response
LPF
• For perfect demodulation: Hc(f) should be constant over message
band [-W,+W]
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• Both DSB-SC and AM signal occupy twice the bandwidth required for
the baseband.
• This disadvantage can be overcomed by transmitting two DSB signals
using carriers of same freq. but in phase quadrature.
QAM Coherent
Demodulation
Both I and Q components carry information
Standard practice in modern digital communication systems
Carrier sync. requirement for QAM
Complex envelope when the Rxd signal has a phase offset wrt receiver LO
Effect of rotation on I and Q components
• Attenuation in the desired msg. and interference from undesired msg.
• Thus, accurate carrier sync. is needed for perfect demodulation
• should be made close to 0
Example
Example 3.2.4
Message signal
AM signal
(time in milliseconds, carrier frequency 600 KHz)
Magnitude spectrum and bandwidth of AM signal?
Verify that modulation index = 3/5
AM signal passed through an ideal highpass filter with cut-off frequency 595 KHz.
Find explicit time domain expression for Q component of output (relative to 600 KHz
reference)
Easiest to just take inverse Fourier transform of complex envelope
(see text for alternative approaches)
Q component
