Semiconductor
Diode
LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display)
⚫ LCD Panel is based on
A light valve for each pixel
that turn the light on, off,
or an intermediate level.
⚫ Grid of such light
valve for the LCD
display panel.
⚫ A back light and
display enhancement
films create the
illumination.
LCD-
Display
⚫ Applying voltage
to the electrodes
changes the
level of
illumination in
each sub-pixel
⚫ The panel
is
sandwiche
d
between
Front surface
films to enhance
display property
1. What’s Liquid Crystals
(LC) 4
⚫ intermediary substance between a liquid and
solid state of matter.
e.g. soapy water
⚫ light passes through liquid crystal changes
when it is stimulated by an electrical charge.
Examples of
LCs
5
2. Introduction to Liquid Crystal
Displays 6
⚫Consists of an array of tiny segments
(called pixels) that can be
manipulated to present information.
⚫Using polarization of lights to display
objects.
⚫Use only ambient light to illuminate
the display.
⚫Common wrist watch and pocket
calculator to an advanced VGA
computer screen
Different types of
LCDs 7
Passive Matrix LCDs (AMLCD) and
Active Matrix LCDs (AMLCD)
⚫ Passive Twisted Nematic Displays (TNLCD)
⚫ Super Twisted nematic LCD (STNLCD)
⚫ Thin Film Transistor LCD (TFT LCD)
⚫ Reflective LCD
⚫ Rear Projection LCD
3. Operating
Principle 8
⚫ The parallel arrangement of liquid crystal
molecules along grooves
⚫ When coming into contact with grooved surface in
a fixed direction, liquid crystal molecules line up
parallel along the grooves.
3. Operating
Principle
Molecules movement
Offline (no voltage is applied)
⚫ Along the upper plate :
Point in direction 'a'
⚫ Along the lower plate :
Point in direction 'b‘
⚫ Forcing the liquid crystals
into a twisted structural
arrangement. (Resultant
force)
9
3. Operating
Principle
Light movement
Offline (no voltage is applied)
⚫ Light travels through
the spacing of the
molecular
arrangement.
⚫ The light also "twists"
as it passes through
the twisted liquid
crystals.
⚫ Light bends 90 degrees
as it follows the twist of
the molecules.
⚫ Polarized light pass
through the analyzer 1
(lower polarizer).
3. Operating
Principle
Molecules movement
Online (voltage is applied)
⚫ Liquid crystal
molecules straighten
out of their helix
pattern
⚫ Molecules rearrange
themselves vertically
(Along with the electric
field)
⚫ No twisting thoughout
the movement
⚫ Forcing the liquid crystals
into a straight structural
arrangement. (Electric
1
force)
3. Operating
Principle
Light movement
Online (voltage is applied)
⚫ Twisted light passes
straight through.
⚫ Light passes straight
through along the
arrangement of
molecules.
⚫ Polarized light cannot
pass through the lower
analyzer (lower
polarizer).
⚫ Screen darkens.
1
3. Operating
Principle
Sequences of offline
and
online mode
Offline
1. Surrounding light is
polarized on the
upper plate.
2. Light moves along
with liquid crystals
and twisted at right
angle.
3. Molecules and lights
are parallel to the
lower analyzer.
4. Light passes through
Offlin Onlin
the plate.
e e
5. Screen appear
3. Operating
Principle
Sequences of offline
and online
mode
1. Surrounding light is
polarized on the
upper plate.
2. Light moves along with
liquid crystals which
moves straight along
the electric field.
3. Molecules and lights
are perpendicular to
the lower analyzer.
4. Light cannot pass
through Offlin Onlin
the plate. e e
5. Screen appear dark.
3. Operating
Principle
Polarization of
light
⚫ When unpolarized light passes through a polarizing
filter, only one plane of polarization is transmitted. Two
polarizing filters used together transmit light
differently depending on their relative orientation.
Onlin Offl1i5
3. Operating
Principle
Construction of
Liquid Crystal
Display
⚫ Two bounding plates (usually
glass slides), each with a
transparent conductive coating
(such as indium tin oxide) that
acts as an electrode;
⚫ A polymer alignment layer :
undergoes a rubbing
process as grooves.
⚫ Spacers to control the cell
gap precisely;
⚫ Two crossed polarizers (the
polarizer and the analyzer);
⚫ Polarizers are usually
perpendicular
to each other. 1
6
3. Operating
Principle
Properties of LCD
Display
⚫ Small footprint (approx 1/6 of CRT)
⚫ Light weight (typ. 1/5 of CRT)
⚫ power consumption (typ. 1/4 of
CRT)
⚫
⚫ Completely flat screen - no
⚫ geometrical errors
⚫ Crisp pictures - digital and uniform
⚫ colors No electromagnetic emission
⚫ Fully digital signal processing
⚫ possible
⚫ Large
Low screensand
contrast (>20 inch) on (typ.
luminance
1:100)
desktops High price (presently
Maximum luminosity :
⚫ Low luminance (typ. 200 cd/m2)
3x CRT)
50% of CRT as 50% of
Poor viewing angle (typ. 50
blocked
light is by the
1
degrees) polarize
upper
3. Operating
Principle
Advantage of LCD over
CRT
⚫ Smaller size—AMLCDs occupy approximately
60 percent less space than CRT displays—an
important feature when office space is
⚫ limited.
Lower power consumption—AMLCDs
typically consume about half the power and
⚫ emit much less heat than CRT displays.
Lighter weight—AMLCDs weigh approximately
70 percent less than CRT displays of
⚫ comparable size.
No electromagnetic fields—AMLCDs do not
emit electromagnetic
susceptible Thus, and
to them. fields theyare
arenot
suitable for use in areas where CRTs
⚫ cannot be used.
Longer life—AMLCDs have a longer useful
than
life CRTs; however, they may Maximum luminosity :
require replacement of the 50% as 50% of light is
backlight. blocked by the upper
polarizer. 1
Linear Polarized
Light
⚫ Light usually
vibrates in all
direction
⚫ A linear polarized
light limit the
vibration to one
direction
⚫ It absorbs the
component of light
that vibrate in all
other direction.
⚫ LCD require light to
vibrate in one
Iodine Based
Polarizer
⚫ Is the most
common Cellulose Triacetate
polarizer polyvinyl alcohol film
⚫ It is made by Cellulose Triacetate
Stretching a cast polyvinyl
alcohol film (PVA) to align
the iodine in turn.
Staining it with iodine
The stained PVA
laminated between two
slices of cellulose
triacetate.
⚫ The cellulose polyvinyl alcohol
film
triacetate
Provide physical rigidity
Some degree of heat and
humidity
About Liquid
Crystal
⚫ Liquid crystal
molecules can move
freely while
maintaining their
orientation.
⚫ It align itself to a
polyimide film to the
inside of a panel glass.
⚫ When the two glass
panels are not aligned
the liquid crystal
twists accordingly.
⚫ The liquid crystal will
also align to electric
Light
Path
⚫ The light passes
through the
polarizer.
⚫ The voltage applied to
the electrodes
controls the liquid
crystal orientation
⚫ The liquid crystal
orientation controls
the rotation of the
incoming polarized
light.
⚫ Color filters are
used in color LCD,
where each color
