UNIT - IV

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
AND OSCILLATORS
 PART-A
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
Part-A

 General Considerations
 Properties of Negative Feedback
Types of Amplifiers
Sense and Return Techniques
Polarity of Feedback
Feedback Topologies
Topics to be Covered:

• Effect of Non-ideal I/O Impedances

• Stability in Feedback Systems
• Analysis of a feedback Amplifiers
– Voltage Series,
– Current Series,
– Current-shunt and
– Voltage-shunt
Topics to be Covered:

Part-B
• Oscillators: General Considerations
• LC Oscillators & its Types
• Phase Shift Oscillator
• Wien-Bridge Oscillator
• Crystal Oscillators, Illustrative Problems.
FeedBack:
• The process of combining(mixing) a fraction of output
signal sampled fed back to the input is known as
feedback.
• The parameters of amplifier such as current gain, input
impedance, voltage gain , output impedance and
bandwidth can be changed considerably by giving
feedback connection to the amplifier.
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS:

•The amplifier in which a part of output is sampled and fed

back to the input of the amplifier is called “Feedback
Amplifier”
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Fig: Block diagram of feedback amplifier

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

 The parameters which are involved in the block

diagram are
A – Gain of the basic amplifier

β – Feedback Ratio

Af – Gain of the feedback amplifier

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

The fundamental blocks in the block diagram are

Mixer network: It is used for combining feedback signal
with the external source signal. There are two types of
mixings available (i) series mixing (ii) Shunt mixing
Sampling network: Output signal of the amplifier can be
sampled in two different ways they are (i) Voltage sampling
(ii) Current sampling
Feedback network: It is composed by passive elements
such as resistors, capacitors and inductors
Types of Feedback (or) Classification of
Feedback (or) Polarity of Feedback:

• The feedback is classified as two types whether the

source and feedback signals are in phase or out of phase.
 Positive feedback

 Negative feedback

.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK:

•If the source and feedback signals are in phase (00) then the
feedback is called as Positive Feedback. It is also called as
Regenerative Feedback.
•The positive feedback is used to increase the overall gain of an
amplifier, which can be used in Oscillators
 Properties of Positive feedback
• The gain of the positive feedback amplifier is
infinity.
• Less bandwidth
• More noise and distortion
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:

•If the source and feedback signals are out of phase (1800) then
the feedback is called as Negative Feedback. It is also called as
Degenerative Feedback.
•It increase the bandwidth , input impedance and lower the
output impedance. Used in Amplifiers.
Negative Feedback
Problem1. The open loop gain of an amplifier is
100. what will be the overall gain when a
negative feedback of 0.5 is applied to the
amplifier
 Properties of Negative feedback
• Gain decreases
• Stability increases
• Noise and distortion decreases
• Input impedance increases
• Output impedance decreases
• Bandwidth increases
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

Sense and Return Techniques:

• A feedback system includes “sensing” the output and
“returning” the feedback signal to the input.
• Sensing is a process of Sampling the output signal (V/I)
• Returning is a process of Mixing the feedback signal
with the input signal (V/I)
MIXER NETWORK:
• The feedback signal is mixed with the source signal by using mixer
• Mixer is also called as comparator.
• There are two ways of mixing the feedback signal with input, they
are
– Voltage mixing (or) Series mixing
– Current mixing (or) Shunt mixing
SAMPLING NETWORK:
• The sampling may be a voltage sampling or current sampling.
• For voltage sampling the feedback network is connected in shunt
across the output. It is also called node sampling.
• For current sampling the feedback network is connected in series
with the output. It is also called loop sampling.

Fig: Voltage sampling Fig: Current sampling

FEEDBACK NETWORK:

• The network used to propagate the sampled

output to the input is called FeedBack
network.

• The feedback network may consist of

resistors, capacitors and inductors.
 UNIT - IV
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

Topics Covered:
 Types of Feedback (Polarity of Feedback)
 Classification of Amplifiers
Voltage Amplifier
Current Amplifier
Trans Conductance Amplifier
Trans Resistance Amplifier
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS
• The amplifiers are classified into four types based on the
magnitudes of the input and output impedances of an
amplifier relative to the source and load impedances. They
are
(i) Voltage amplifier
(ii) Current amplifier
(iii) Trans conductance amplifier
(iv) Trans resistance amplifier
1. Voltage Amplifier:
Ri >> Rs ; V i = Vs

Ro << RL ; Vo ≈ Av Vi ≈ Av Vs

If the output voltage is

independent of source and load
resistances, then the circuit is called
“Voltage Amplifier” .
2. Current Amplifier:
Ri << Rs ; I i = Is

Ro >> RL ; IL ≈ Ai Ii ≈ Ai Is

If the output current is

independent of source and load
resistances and is proportional to input
signal current, then the circuit is called
“Current Amplifier” .
3. Trans conductance Amplifier:
Ri >> Rs ; V i = Vs

Ro >> RL ; IL ≈ Gm Vi ≈ Gm Vs

If the output current is

independent of source and load
resistances and is proportional to input
signal voltage, then the circuit is called
“Tran conductance Amplifier” .
4. Trans resistance Amplifier:
Ri << Rs ; I i = Is

Ro << RL ; Vo ≈ Rm Ii ≈ Rm Is

If the output voltage is

independent of source and load
resistances and proportional to input
source current, then the circuit is called
“Trans resistance Amplifier” .
Characteristics of ideal Amplifiers
CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL AMPLIFIERS:
 UNIT - IV
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

Topics Covered:

 Generalized feedback amplifier – Derivation

 Loop Gain
 Assumptions in the Feedback Networks
 Advantages of Negative FeedBack
GENERALIZED FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIER
GENERALIZED FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER (Contd..)
GENERALIZED FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER (Contd..)

• If |Af |<|A|, then the feedback is termed Negative (or)

Degenerative.

• If |Af |>|A|, then the feedback is termed Positive (or)

Regenerative.
• From the above equation , the gain with feedback is
divided by the factor |1+βA|, which exceeds unity.
This means |Af |<|A|.
LOOP GAIN:
 The product -Aβ is called the loop gain or return
ratio.
 The difference between unity and loop gain is called
the return difference ‘D’
D=1-(-Aβ)
=1+Aβ
 The amount of feedback introduced into an
amplifier is expressed in decibels as

 If negative feedback as considered to N, it is a

negative number.
 UNIT - IV
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS

Topics Covered:
 General Characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers
 Feedback Topologies
 Voltage Series
 Voltage Shunt
 Current Series
 Current Shunt
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
AMPLIFIERS
1. Increases gain stability in feedback systems:
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

2. Frequency distortion:
From the equation

If the feedback network does not contain any reactive elements

such as capacitor and inductors, the overall gain is not a function of frequency.
Under such conditions frequency distortion is reduced.
4. Increase in input impedance:
Because of this it does not load the preceding stage.

5. Decrease in output impedance:

Maximum power will be delivered to the load without loss
 FEEDBACK TOPOLOGIES
There are four types of topologies are used in
the amplifier they are
1. Voltage - Series feedback
2. Voltage - Shunt feedback
3. Current - Series feedback
4. Current - Shunt feedback
Voltage Series feedback Amplifier:
Voltage-Shunt or Shunt-Shunt Feedback
Current-Series or Series-Series Feedback:
Trans-conductance feedback amplifier provides an output
current Io which is proportional to the input voltage Vs
Current-shunt or shunt series feedback
The current-shunt feedback amplifier, supplies an output current Io
which is proportional to the input current Ii . This makes it a current amplifier.
General analysis of feedback amplifiers:
1.Voltage –Series Feedback Amplifier:
The voltage series feedback amplifier and its equivalent is shown
below.

• Figure: (a) Block diagram of voltage series feedback amplifier

(b) Equivalent circuit to calculate input & output impedances
Input resistance:
Output resistance:

=0V
2.Voltage-Shunt Feedback Amplifier:
The voltage shunt feedback amplifier and its equivalent circuit are shown below.

Figure: (a) Block diagram of voltage shunt feedback amplifier

(b) Equivalent circuit to calculate input & output impedances
Input Resistance:
Output Resistance:
3.Current-Series Feedback Amplifier:
The current series feedback amplifier and its equivalent circuit are shown below.

Figure: (a) Block diagram Current series feedback amplifier

(b) Equivalent circuit to calculate input & output impedances
Input Resistance:

Output Resistance:
 4.Current - Shunt Feedback Amplifier:
The current shunt feedback amplifier and its equivalent circuit is
shown below.

Figure: (a) Block diagram Current shunt feedback amplifier

(b) Equivalent circuit to calculate input & output impedances
Input Resistance:
Output Resistance:
 Stability in Feedback Systems:
• If the designed feedback is poor, then the circuit will behave
badly & also may oscillate too.
• Amplifiers having multiple poles may become unstable if
placed in a negative-feedback loop
 Stability in Feedback Systems: (Contd..)

• In order to make the system as a stable

system. We need to consider the following
conditions.
• The loop gain |AB| = 1
• The phase shift in the loop should be equal to
to -1800
METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
Feedback amplifier has two blocks one is basic amplifier A and another block is feedback
network β. By knowing A &β can be calculate A f , Rif and R0f.
To Find The Input Circuit:
 Set V0=0 for voltage sampling (short the output node)
 Set I0=0 for current sampling (open the output node)
To Find Output Circuit:
 Set Vi=0 for shunt comparison (short the input node)
 Set Ii=0 for series comparison (open the input node).
The complete analysis of feedback amplifier is explained by the following steps:
1. Identity the topology
 Whether the feedback signal Xf is a voltage or current
 Whether the sampled signal X0 is a voltage or current
2. Draw the basic amplifier circuit without feedback, following the rules listed above
3. If the Xf is voltage then use Thevenies source and if Xf is a current then use Norton’s source
4. Replace each active device by proper model (using π model of a transistor by means of high
frequency or low frequencies)
5. Indicate Xf and X0 on the circuit obtained by carrying out steps 2, 3, 4 and Evaluate β=X f/X0
6. Evaluate A by applying KVL and KCL to the equivalent circuit obtained after step 4
7. From A & β find D, Af, Rif, Rof and
Input and output Resistance
PART-B
OSCILLATORS
Problem 2 . An amplifier has a voltage gain of 400, f1 = 50Hz,
f2 = 200 KHz and a distortion of 10% without feedback.
Determine the amplifier voltage gain f1f, f2f and Df when a
negative feedback is applied with feedback ratio of 0.01.
Oscillator:
• An Oscillator is an electronic circuit used to generate an a.c voltage without an ac
input signal.
• The circuit requires a dc source to generate ac signal.
• If the output signal is a sine wave then it is called as sinusoidal oscillator or
harmonic oscillator.
• Positive Feedback is used in oscillator
Condition for oscillations or Barkhausen criterion:
The conditions to be satisfied to obtain sustained oscillations are is called
Barkhausen criterion.
• Magnitude of loop gain is unity |Aβ| = 1
• The total phase shift around the closed loop is 00 or 3600
Classification of oscillators:
Oscillators are classified as
1. According to the waveforms generated
(a) Sinusoidal oscillator (b) Relaxation oscillator
2. According to the fundamental mechanisms
(a) Negative resistance oscillators (b) Feedback oscillators
3. According to the frequency generated
(a) Audio Frequency Oscillator (AFO): up to 20KHz
(b) Radio Frequency Oscillator (RFO): 20KHz to 30MHz
(c) Very High Frequency Oscillator: 30MHz to 300MHz
(d) Ultra High Frequency Oscillator: 300MHz to 3GHz
(e) Microwave Frequency Oscillator: Above 3GHz
4. According to the type of circuit used, sine wave oscillators are classified
as
(a) RC Oscillators (b) LC Oscillators
RC Oscillators:
RC oscillators are popularly used to
produce low frequencies. There are two important RC
oscillators, they are
1. RC Phase shift oscillator
2. Wien Bridge oscillator
RC Phase shift Oscillator using BJT:
The diagram for RC phase shift oscillator using BJT and its
equivalent circuit as shown in below figure.
Wien bridge Oscillator
FREQUENCY OF OSCILLATION:
 WIEN - BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:
The circuit diagram of Wien – bridge oscillator is shown below.
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING FET:
The circuit diagram of the Wien bridge oscillator is
shown in the following figure.
GENERALSED ANALYSIS OF LC
OSCILLATOR:
LOAD IMPEDANCE:
Feedback factor β:
Equation for oscillator:
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR USING FET

The frequency of oscillations derivation remains same proceed from

2M-
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR WITH FET
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
• Crystal oscillator produces oscillations with very good frequency
stability.
• Crystal exhibits Piezo –electric effect.
• Piezo -electric effect: By applying a mechanical force to the quartz
crystal it generates electric potential.
• To calculate the frequency of a crystal oscillator, we can use the
formula for the series resonant frequency of the crystal, which is
given by
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
FREQUENCY STABILITY OF OSCILLATOR:
The frequency stability of an oscillator is a measure of its ability to
maintain the fixed frequency as possible over a long time as possible
The dimension in the frequency may be because of the change in
circuit components transistor parameters, supply voltages etc.

STABILITY CRITERIA:
AMPLITUDE STABILITY OF OSCILLATORS:

In case of RC oscillator, the amplitude variations may be due to aging

of transistors and other components. This can be stabilized by replacing the
resistors in the bridge by sensistors which are temperature dependent
resistors. By this method the stability in amplitude of the RC oscillators can
be easily maintained.
Problem-1:
• 1. a) A voltage series negative feedback
amplifier has a voltage gain without feedback
of A = 500,Input resistance Ri = 2 K, output
resistance Ro = 15 K and feedback ratio =
0.01.Calculate the Voltage gain, input
resistance and output resistance of the
amplifier with feedback.
Problem-2
• 2. b) The closed loop gain of a (-ve) feedback
amplifier is measured as 99.7 when feedback
factor is 1/100 and as 297 when a feedback
factor of 1/300 is used. Determine open loop
gain.
Problem-3
3. a) An amplifier has a voltage gain of
400,f1=50Hz, f2=200khz ,& a distortion of 10%
without feedback. Determine the voltage gain f1f
, f2f & Df when a negative feedback is applied
with feedback ratio of 0.001.
3. Calculate the voltage gain f1f , f2f & Df when a negative feedback is applied with feedback
ratio of 0.001 for An amplifier having voltage gain of 400, f 1=50Hz, f2=200khz ,& a
distortion of 10% without feedback
Problem-4 :
4. a) An amplifier has a gain of 300,
when the -ve feedback is applied gain
is reduced to 240. Find feedback
factor.

b) Let R0=1kΩ, β=0.01 and A=100

then what is the value of Rof in current
series feedback amplifier.
5. Let R0 = 1 KΩ , β=0.01. & Gm = 100 then what is the Output resistance with feedback in
Current series Feedback amplifier.

In Current Series FB amplifier

Rof = 1 (1 +(100)(0.01)) = 2 K Ω
 Problems on RC phase shift oscillator

1. In an RC phase shift oscillator, if R1 = R2 = R3

= 200K ohms and C1= C2= C3 = 100 pF. Find
the frequency of oscillations.

Ans: 3.248 KHz

 Problems on RC phase shift oscillator
2. Determine the frequency of oscillations when RC Phase shift oscillator has R= 10K
ohms, C= 0.01 uF and Rc = 2.2 K ohms. Also find the minimum current gain
needed for this purpose.
Problem on Wein-Bridge osicllator
 Problem on Crystal oscillator
• A crystal has L = 0.4 H, C= 0.085pF and CM = 1pF with R = 5K
Ω. Find
i) Series resonant frequency
ii) parallel resonant frequency
iii) By what percent does the parallel resonant frequency
exceed the series resonant frequency.
iv) Find the Q factor of the crystal