Nested loops

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 Redundancy between loops
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(j + "\t"); Output:
} 1 2 3 4 5
System.out.println();
2 4 6 8 10
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(2 * j + "\t");
3 6 9 12 15
}
System.out.println();
4 8 12 16 20
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(3 * j + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(4 * j + "\t"){
}
System.out.println();

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 Nested loops
nested loop: A loop placed inside another loop.
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print((i * j) + "\t");
}
System.out.println(); // to end the line
}

Output:
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20

Statements in the outer loop's body are executed 4 times.

 The inner loop prints 5 numbers each time it is run.

3
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
**********
**********
**********
**********
**********
**********
4
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
*
**
***
****
*****
******
5
 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print(i);
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
1
22
333
4444
55555
666666
6
 Nested for loop exercise
A table for the dots we start with
 Could do a second table for the other dots

....1 line # of dots -1 * line -1 * line + 5

...2. 1 4 -1 4
..3.. 2 3 -2 3
.4... 3 2 -3 2
5....
4 1 -4 1
5 0 -5 0

To print a character multiple times, use a for loop.

for (int j = 1; j <= 4; j++) {
System.out.print("."); // 4 dots
}
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 Nested for loop solution
 Answer:
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.print(line);
for (int j = 1; j <= (line - 1); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.println();
}

 Output:
....1
...2.
..3..
.4...
5....
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Building Java Programs

9
 Drawing complex figures
Use nested for loops to produce the following output.

Why draw ASCII art?

 Real graphics require a lot of finesse
 ASCII art has complex patterns
#================#
 Can focus on the algorithms
| <><> |
| <>....<> |
| <>........<> |
|<>............<>|
|<>............<>|
| <>........<> |
| <>....<> |
| <><> |
#================#
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 Development strategy
Recommendations for managing complexity:
1. Write an English description of steps required (pseudo-code)
 use pseudo-code to decide methods

2. Create a table of patterns of characters

#================#
 use table to write loops in each method
| <><> |
| <>....<> |
| <>........<> |
|<>............<>|
|<>............<>|
| <>........<> |
| <>....<> |
| <><> |
#================#
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 1. Pseudo-code
pseudo-code: An English description of an algorithm.

Example: Drawing a 12 wide by 7 tall box of stars

print 12 stars.
for (each of 5 lines) {
print a star. ************
* *
print 10 spaces. * *
print a star. * *
} * *
* *
print 12 stars. ************

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 2. Tables
A table for the top half:
 Compute spaces and dots expressions from line number

line spaces line * -2 + 8 dots 4 * line - 4

1 6 6 0 0 #================#
| <><> |
2 4 4 4 4
| <>....<> |
3 2 2 8 8 | <>........<> |
|<>............<>|
4 0 0 12 12
|<>............<>|
| <>........<> |
| <>....<> |
| <><> |
#================#
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 3. Writing the code
Useful questions about the top half:
 What methods? (think structure and redundancy)
 Number of (nested) loops per line?

#================#
| <><> |
| <>....<> |
| <>........<> |
|<>............<>|
|<>............<>|
| <>........<> |
| <>....<> |
| <><> |
#================#
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 Partial solution
// Prints the expanding pattern of <> for the top half of the figure.
public static void topHalf() {
for (int line = 1; line <= 4; line++) {
System.out.print("|");
for (int space = 1; space <= (line * -2 + 8); space++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
System.out.print("<>");
for (int dot = 1; dot <= (line * 4 - 4); dot++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.print("<>");
for (int space = 1; space <= (line * -2 + 8); space++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
System.out.println("|");
}
}

15
 Limitations of variables
Idea: Make a variable to represent the size.
 Use the variable's value in the methods.

Problem: A variable in one method can't be seen in others.

public static void main(String[] args) {
int size = 4;
topHalf();
printBottom();
}
public static void topHalf() {
for (int i = 1; i <= size; i++) { // ERROR: size not found
...
}
}
public static void bottomHalf() {
for (int i = size; i >= 1; i--) { // ERROR: size not found
...
}
}

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 Variable scope
scope: The part of a program where a variable exists.
 From its declaration to the end of the { } braces
 A variable declared in a for loop exists only in that loop.
 A variable declared in a method exists only in that method.

public static void example() {

int x = 3;
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println(x);
} x's scope
// i no longer exists here
} // x ceases to exist here

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 Scope implications
Variables without overlapping scope can have same name.
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
System.out.print("/");
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) { // OK
System.out.print("\\");
}
int i = 5; // OK: outside of loop's scope

A variable can't be declared twice or used out of its scope.

for (int i = 1; i <= 100 * line; i++) {
int i = 2; // ERROR: overlapping scope
System.out.print("/");
}
i = 4; // ERROR: outside scope

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 Class constants
class constant: A value visible to the whole class.
 value can only be set at declaration
 value can't be changed while the program is running

Syntax:
public static final type name = value;
 name is usually in ALL_UPPER_CASE

 Examples:
public static final int DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
public static final double INTEREST_RATE = 3.5;
public static final int SSN = 658234569;

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 Adding a constant
public class Sign {
public static final int HEIGHT = 5;
public static void main(String[] args) {
drawLine();
drawBody();
drawLine();
}
public static void drawLine() {
System.out.print("+");
for (int i = 1; i <= HEIGHT * 2; i++) {
System.out.print("/\\");
}
System.out.println("+");
}
public static void drawBody() {
for (int line = 1; line <= HEIGHT; line++) {
System.out.print("|");
for (int spaces = 1; spaces <= HEIGHT * 4; spaces++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
System.out.println("|");
}
}
}
20
 Using a constant
Constant allows many methods to refer to same value:
public static final int SIZE = 4;
public static void main(String[] args) {
topHalf();
printBottom();
}
public static void topHalf() {
for (int i = 1; i <= SIZE; i++) { // OK
...
}
}
public static void bottomHalf() {
for (int i = SIZE; i >= 1; i--) { // OK
...
}
}

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