T.L.

E
Electricity
Electricity (Sources)
Biomass – all solid materials from plants and
animals which energy may be extracted.
 Advantages of Biomass Energy
 Renewable energy source

 Very low greenhouse gas emissions

 Can produce energy on-demand

 Energy is easily stored

 Disadvantages of Biomass Energy

 Low energy return on investment
 High air pollution emissions
 Very high water and land requirements
 High occupational hazards
Geothermal Energy – heat energy of the earth.
Electricity (Sources)
 Hydropower – force of moving water from rivers and water
reservoirs.
 Advantages of Hydropower
 Very high return on energy investment
 Very low greenhouse gas & air pollution emissions
 Inexpensive once dam is built
 Disadvantages of Hydropower
 Very high land requirements
 Extremely high impacts to land and water habitat
 Best sites are already developed or off-limits
 Disastrous impacts in case of dam failure
 Ocean Power – energy from the currents and waves.
 Marine Currents
 Two-way currents – caused by ocean tides.
 One-way currents – ocean water flowing like rivers.
Electricity (Sources)
 Solar Energy – heat energy provided by the sun
 Advantages of Solar Energy
 Renewable energy source
 Very low greenhouse gas emissions
 Very low air pollution emissions
 Very low water requirements
 Modular, low-profile, low-maintenance
 Very safe for workers and public
 Disadvantages of Solar Energy
 Intermittent energy source
 High land requirements
 Expensive
 Manufacture involves some toxics
Electricity (Sources)
 Wind Power – energy from the force of the wind.
 Advantages of Wind Power
 Renewable energy source
 Very low greenhouse gas emissions
 Very low air pollution emissions
 Very low water requirements
 Very safe for workers and public
 Disadvantage of Wind Power
 Intermittent energy source
 Limited to windy areas
 Potentially high hazard to birds
 Moderate land requirements
Electricity (Sources)
 Coal Energy – energy derived from burning coals, a rock
mostly made of carbon element.
 Advantages of Coal Energy
 Inexpensive
 Abundant
 Low land requirements
 Can produce energy on-demand
 Disadvantages of Coal Energy
 Non-renewable energy source
 Very high greenhouse gas emissions
 Very high air pollution emissions
 High land/water impacts from acid rain, mine drainage
 Highly hazardous occupation
Electricity (Sources)
 Nuclear Energy – energy trapped inside the atom, the same
with the principle of producing energy by heat.
 Advantages of Nuclear Energy
 Low greenhouse gas emissions
 Low air pollution emissions
 Low land requirements for power plants (though not for waste
storage)
 Can produce energy on-demand
 Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
 Non-renewable energy source
 High water requirements
 Relatively expensive
 Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years
 Serious accident would be disastrous
Electricity (Sources)
Natural Gas – energy from methane, a
combination of hydrogen and carbon, formed
when organic matters are trapped beneath
the sedimentary layers of the earth.
Electricity
Electricity is a form of energy resulting from
the existence of charged particles (such as
electrons & protons). Either statically on an
accumulation of charge of dynamically a
current
Current Directional flow of electric charge
Insulator vs. Conductor
Electricity (Types of Current)
Alternating Current (AC) - the flow of electrons
changes alternately. It goes positive, and then it
goes negative, and so on as a cycle.
It reverses direction 120 times per second, or 60
cycles per second – called 60 hertz power.
Direct Current (DC) - the flow of electron in a
conductor is only in one direction.
It flows from negative pole, through a device, and on
the positive pole.
Sources:
Chemical battery , Electronic power supply, and
Mechanical Generator
Electricity (Types of Electricity)
Static Electricity – electricity at rest, the
buildup of electric charge on the surface of
objects.
Electricity produced by friction
Dynamic Electricity – the flow of electric
charge, also known as electric current. It also
known as electricity in motion.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Circuit is the complete flow of current through a
conductor or path from the source to the load and
back to the source. It is the continuous flow of
current.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Source – it provides electrical power to the
circuit. Ex. Cell or battery, generators.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Load – electrical device (appliances)
connected to the circuit that consumes
electricity or power.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Control/Switch – a device that turns the
current ON and OFF.
Electricity (Electric Circuit)
Path – a conductor composed of 2 or more
lines that provide passage for the current
from the source to the load.
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Series Circuit
 Loads are connected end to end along the path of current in a single
closed loop.
 Current is the same throughout the circuit (I total = Il=I2=I3….)
 Voltage is equal to the sum of individual voltage drops in a circuit.
 (Vtotal = Vl+V2+V3….)
 Resistance in series is equal to the sum of individual resistances
 (Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Series Circuit
 (Rtotal = Rl+R2+R3….)

 RT=R1+R2+R3
 RT=10+10+20
 RT=40Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)

1 6 1 9
2 0
Electricity (Types of Circuit)

1 6 1 9
2 0

7.2 3.3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Parallel Circuit
Loads are connected side by side across the path of the
current.
 Current in each branch is independent from each other, when branch or
load opens, the other load will still function.
 Current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.
 (Itotal = Il+I2+I3….)
 Voltage drop across each load is the same. (Vtotal = Vl=V2=V3….)
 Resistance is found by this formula:
 1
 -----------------------
 1 1 1
 --- + --- + ---
 R1 R2 R3
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
Parallel Circuit
 Resistance is found by this formula: (Product over sum)
 RT= (R1)(R2)
 R1 + R2
 RT= (10) (20)
 10 + 20
 RT= 200
 30
 RT= 66.66Ohms
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
1
0

3.3

7.2
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
5

6.3

7.9

4.1
Electricity (Types of Circuit)
 Series and Parallel Circuit
 Combination of series and parallel connection in one
circuit.
Electricity (Types of Circuit)

1 8 3.3
2

7.2 6 1
0
Electricity (Ohms Law)
OHM’S LAW
George Simoun Ohm – discovered the
relationships of voltage, current and resistance
in a circuit.
Current is directly proportional to voltage
 Increase in voltage will result to increase in
current
Current is inversely proportional to
resistance
 Increase in resistance will result to a decrease in
current
Electricity (Electric Symbols)
 QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL PROPONENT
FORMULA

 Electron Current Ampere I or A Andre Ampere

I=E/R
 Applied Voltage Volt V or E Allesandro Volta
V= IxR
 Circuit Resistance Ohm R George Ohm R=E/
I
 Power Watt P James Watt P=IxE
Electricity (Ohms Law)
Electricity (Ampere “I”)
 Ampere is represented as “I”
 Voltage is represented as “V”
 Resistance is Represented as “R”

 How to determine the Ampere required for a voltage of 12V and a

resistance of 1o ohms.

I=V/R
 I= 12 /10
 I=1.2
 The Ampere required is 1.2A
Electricity (Voltage “V”)
 Ampere is represented as “I”
 Voltage is represented as “V”
 Resistance is Represented as “R”

 How to determine the Voltage required for a current of 2A and a

resistance of 14 ohms.

 V=I x R
 V= 2 x 14
 V=28
 The Voltage required is 28V
Electricity (Resistance “R”)
 Ampere is represented as “I”
 Voltage is represented as “V”
 Resistance is Represented as “R”

 How to determine the Resistance of the circuit for a current of 2A

and a Voltage of 24V.

 R=V/I
 R= 24 x 2
 R=12
 The Resistance is 12Ohms
Electricity (Power “P”)
 Ampere is represented as “I”
 Voltage is represented as “V”
 Power is Represented as “P”

 How to determine the Power (Watts) for a current of 30A and a

Voltage of 220V.

 P=V x I
 P= 220 x 30
 P=6600
 The Power or watts is 6600W
Electricity (Trick of the trade)

V P
I R I V
Electricity (Electricity Consumption)
Calculating the energy cost of an appliance or electronic
device is fairly easy. Most devices have a label that lists how
many watts it uses, either on the device or in the owner's
manual. You will need to find this number to figure out how
much the appliance is costing you. You will also need to
estimate how many hours a day you use a particular
appliance
Electricity (Compute the Watts/day)
To calculate energy consumption costs, simply multiply the unit's wattage
by the number of hours you use it to find the number of watt-hours
consumed each day.
For example, let's say you use a 125 watt television for three hours per day.
By multiplying the wattage by the number of hours used per day, we find that
you are using 375 watt-hours per day.
 EC=P X T
Where:
EC is the Energy Consumption
P is the Wattage of the Device

T is the timeframe of the device used

 EC=(125 watts) X (3 hours)

 EC=375W
 375 watt-hours per day
Electricity (Convert to Kilowatts)
Electricity is measure in kilowatt hours on your electricity bill. Since we
know that 1 kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts, calculating how many kWh a
particular device uses is as easy as dividing by 1,000.

 375 watt-hours per day / 1000 =

 0.375 kWh per day
Electricity (Usage Over a Month Period)
Now to find out how much that's actually going to cost you on your electric
bill, you'll have to take the equation a bit further. First you'll need to figure
out how many kWh the TV uses per month.

 P=(375 watt-hours per day) X (30 days)

 P=(11,250watts)/1000
 P=11.25 kWh per month
Electricity (Figuring Out the Cost)
Pull out your last electric bill and see how much you pay per kWh. For this
example, let's say you pay Php 12.00 per kilowatt hour. To find how much the
TV is costing you in a month, multiply your electricity rate by the kWh per
month that you calculated above.

 C=(11.25 kWh per month) X (12.00 per kWh)

 C=135
 The Television cost you Php 135.00 Per month
Electricity (Figuring Out the Cost in HP ( Horse Power )
(1 hp(E) = 746 W

So: 1.5*746= 1119/1000= 1.119 * 5hours= 5.595kW)

Electricity (Exercise)
Compute for the electric consumption of a basic household device per
month, where: TV is used 5hrs per day with a 230watts rating, Refrigerator
that runs 30min 4 times/day with a 500w rating, 3 Electric fans that runs 20
hrs per day with 100watts rating and 5 lightings that runs 12 hours per day
with 25watts rating.
Your Electricity Provider (Meralco) charges you Php 12.00 per KWh a month
Electricity (Exercise)
Compute for the electric consumption of a basic household device per
month, where: TV is used 5hrs per day with a 180watts rating, Refrigerator
that runs 15min 6 times/day with a 700w rating, 2 Electric fans that runs 20
hrs per day with 150watts rating and 10 lightings that runs 15 hours per day
with 25watts rating.
Your Electricity Provider (Meralco) charges you Php 12.75 per KWh a month
Electricity (Circuit Protection)
 Breaker – an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect electrical circuit caused by overload or short circuit.
 (Fuse operates once, must be replaced. Breaker can be reset to
resume normal operation).
 20 amp – for convenience outlets (general purpose)
 15 amp – for lighting fixtures
 30 amp – for heavy duty appliance outlets (SPO) such as ref and
aircon.
 60 amp - for main breaker
Electricity (Circuit Conditions)
 Overload – when the total current flowing in the circuit is more
than the capacity of the conductor.
 Short Circuit – when insulated conductors from line 1 and line 2
of a circuit come into contact with each other without passing any
load, or when the resistance of the load becomes unnecessary low.
 This is dangerous because it creates a very high flow of current
which produces unusual heat and may cause fire.
 Grounded circuit = when one uninsulated conductor touches the
metal part of an appliance. It causes voltage drain, and
electrocution when touch by uninsulated individual.
 Open circuit = when the flow of the current is incomplete. When
circuit is switched off.
 Closed circuit = when the flow of current is complete. When
circuit is switched on.
Electricity (Basic requirements in electrical house wiring)
 Prepare a house wiring plan in accordance with the safety
standards of the PEC
 PEC – Philippine Electrical Code or NEC – National

Electrical Code
 Philippine Association of Mechanical and Electrical

Engineers (PAMEE)
 Determine the load and compute for the expected power and
current consumption.
 Identify the service point where electricity will come from
 Determine the number of outlets per branch and their
specifications
 Determine the sizes of the receptacles, tubes and panels
 Determine the sizes and ampacity of wires, cables and circuit
protectors.
 3 watts per square foot – for general purpose circuit (lighting and
receptacles) or 24watts per 1 sq. m for lighting, 100 watts per
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
 Before beginning any electrical repair, shut off the power.
 (Remove the fuse or trip the breaker for the circuit you will be
working on in your service panel)
 Prepare and study the wiring diagram. This will help you
understand the basic principles of good wiring.
 Electrical wires are color coded to prevent wiring errors.
 Black is HOT wire
 White is Neutral wire
 Green is Ground wire
 Red is second HOT wire
 Yellow is Traveller wire
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
 Always use appropriate size of wires
 Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size
decreases)
 Measured in terms of AWG (American Wire Gauge)
 # 14 AWG (2.0mm2) – for lighting fixtures
 # 12 AWG (3.5mm2) – for convenience outlets
 # 10 or 8 AWG (5.5 to 8.5mm2)– for service entrance
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
 Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size
decreases)
Electricity (Basic Principles of Good Wiring )
 Sizes of wires (As the Number increases the actual size
decreases)
Electricity (Test Instruments )
 Ohm meter – test for resistance
 Ammeter – test for current
 Voltmeter – test for voltage
 Multimeter/ VOM
Electricity (Word Problem)
35 ohm and 11 ohm resistor is
connected in series and will be
called “X”. Another is a 33 ohms
and 45 ohms is connected in
parallel which will be called “Y”.
What will be the total current of
the whole circuit if “X” and “Y”
is connected in parallel and the
Electricity (Word Problem)
A 4 Ohm resistor is
connected in parallel to
a 3 series connected
resistors of 4, 3 and 5
Ohms, what will be the
voltage of the circuit if
Electricity (Word Problem)
A 3 resistors is connected
in parallel namely 3.7, 9.4
and 12.7 Ohms is
connected in a series to a
2 parallel connected
resistors of 11.6 and and
7.3 Ohms, what will be the
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 3
ohm and 15 ohm are
connected in parallel
to a 30 volts circuit.
The current flowing
through the 3 ohm
Electricity (Word Problem)
In a series circuit
with 4 ohm, 16 ohm,
and 8 ohm resistors
connected in 7V
source, what is the
current flowing in the
Electricity (Word Problem)
What amount of
current does a 40-
watt fluorescent
lamp draw from a
220 volts power
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 7
ohm and 25 ohm are
connected in parallel
to a 30 volts circuit.
The current flowing
through the 25 ohm
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 7
ohm and 12.6 ohm
are connected in a
series to a 220 volt
source. What is the
power consumed by
Electricity (Word Problem)
Two resistors of 6 ohm and 9 ohm are
connected in a series to a 120 volt source.
What is the power consumed by the 6 ohm
resistor?
384 watts c. 2400 watts
576 watts d. 1200 watts