A closed figure with three sides is called a Triangle.

It has three vertex, sides and

Angles.
Criteria for Congruence of Triangles
Remark
1. SSA and ASS do not show the congruency of triangles.
2. AAA is also not the right condition to prove that the triangles are congruent.
Solution:
In ∆BOC and ∆AOD, we have
∠OBC = ∠OAD
BC = AD [Given]
∠BCO= ∠ADO [Alternate interior angles]
∴ ∆OBC ≅ ∆OAD [By ASA congruency]
⇒ OB = OA [By C.P.C.T.]
i.e., O is the mid-point of AB.
Thus, CD bisects AB.

Solution:
∵ p || q and AC is a transversal,
∴ ∠BAC = ∠DCA …(1) [Alternate interior angles]
Also l || m and AC is a transversal,
∴ ∠BCA = ∠DAC …(2)
[Alternate interior angles]
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆CDA, we have
∠BAC = ∠DCA [From (1)]
CA = AC [Common]
∠BCA = ∠DAC [From (2)]
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA [By ASA congruency]
 Solution:
We have, l is the bisector of ∠QAP.
∴ ∠QAB = ∠PAB
∠Q = ∠P [Each 90°]
∠ABQ = ∠ABP
[By angle sum property of A]
Now, in ∆APB and ∆AQB, we have
∠ABP = ∠ABQ [Proved above]
AB = BA [Common]
∠PAB = ∠QAB [Given]
∴ ∆APB ≅ ∆AQB [By ASA congruency]
Since ∆APB ≅ ∆AQB
⇒ BP = BQ [By C.P.C.T.]
i. e., [Perpendicular distance of B from AP]
= [Perpendicular distance of B from AQ]
Thus, the point B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.
Solution:
We have, ∠BAD = ∠EAC
Adding ∠DAC on both sides, we have
∠BAD + ∠DAC = ∠EAC + ∠DAC
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠DAE
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆ADE. we have
∠BAC = ∠DAE [Proved above]
AB = AD [Given]
AC = AE [Given]
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆ADE [By SAS congruency]
⇒ BC = DE [By C.P.C.T.]
Solution:
We have, P is the mid-point of AB.
∴ AP = BP
∠EPA = ∠DPB [Given]
Adding ∠EPD on both sides, we get
∠EPA + ∠EPD = ∠DPB + ∠EPD
⇒ ∠APD = ∠BPE
(i) Now, in ∆DAP and ∆EBP, we have
∠PAD = ∠PBE [ ∵∠BAD = ∠ABE]
AP = BP [Proved above]
∠DPA = ∠EPB [Proved above]
∴ ∆DAP ≅ ∆EBP [By ASA
congruency]
(ii) Since, ∆ DAP ≅ ∆ EBP
⇒ AD = BE [By C.P.C.T.]
 (iii) In ΔDBC and ΔACB,

BC = CB (Common side)
∠ACB = ∠DBC (They are right angles)
DB = AC (by CPCT) as ΔAMC ≅ ΔBMD.

So, ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB by SAS congruency.

Given that M is the mid-point of the line segment AB, ∠C = 90°, and DM = CM
(i) Consider the triangles ΔAMC and ΔBMD:

AM = BM (Since M is the mid-point)

(iv) DC = AB (Since ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB)
CM = DM (Given in the question)
∠CMA = ∠DMB (They are vertically opposite angles)
⇒ DM = CM = AM = BM (Since M the is mid-point)
So, by SAS congruency criterion, ΔAMC ≅ ΔBMD.
So, DM + CM = BM+AM
(ii) ∠ACM = ∠BDM (by CPCT)
Hence, CM + CM = AB
∴ AC || BD as alternate interior angles are equal.
⇒ CM = (½) AB
Now, ∠ACB +∠DBC = 180° (Since they are co-interiors
angles)
⇒ 90° +∠B = 180°
∴ ∠DBC = 90°
Question 1: In the figure, the sides BA and CA have been produced such that BA = AD and
CA = AE. Prove that segment DE ∥ BC.

Question 2: In a PQR, if PQ = QR and L, M and N

are the mid-points of the sides PQ, QR and RP,
respectively. Prove that LN = MN.
Theorem 7.2 : Angles opposite to equal sides of an isosceles triangle are equal.
Given:-An isosceles triangle ABC in which AB = AC.

To prove:- ∠ B = ∠ C.

Construction:- Let us draw the bisector of ∠ A and let D be the point of

intersection of this bisector of ∠ A and BC

Proof : In Δ BAD and Δ CAD,

AB = AC (Given)
∠ BAD = ∠ CAD (By construction)
AD = AD (Common)

So, Δ BAD ≅ Δ CAD (By SAS rule)

So, ∠ ABD = ∠ ACD, since they are corresponding angles of congruent

triangles.

So, ∠ B = ∠ C „
 Solution:
Given:
AB = AC and
the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at O
Solution: (i) Since ABC is an isosceles with AB = AC,
It is given that AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC ∠B = ∠C
To prove: ½ ∠B = ½ ∠C
AB = AC ⇒ ∠OBC = ∠OCB (Angle bisectors)
Proof: ∴ OB = OC (Side opposite to the equal angles are equal)
In ΔADB and ΔADC, (ii) In ΔAOB and ΔAOC,
AD = AD (It is the Common arm) AB = AC (Given in the question)
∠ADB = ∠ADC AO = AO (Common arm)
BD = CD (Since AD is the perpendicular bisector) OB = OC (As Proved Already)
So, ΔADB ≅ ΔADC by SAS congruency criterion. So, ΔAOB ≅ ΔAOC by SSS congruence condition.
Thus, BAO = CAO (by CPCT)
AB = AC (by CPCT) Thus, AO bisects ∠A.
 Solution:
Given:
(i) BE and CF are altitudes.
(ii) AC = AB
To prove:
BE = CF
Proof:
Triangles ΔAEB and ΔAFC are similar by AAS congruency
since
∠A = ∠A (It is the common arm)
∠AEB = ∠AFC (They are right angles)
AB = AC (Given in the question)
∴ ΔAEB ≅ ΔAFC and so, BE = CF (by CPCT).

Solution:
It is given that BE = CF
(i) In ΔABE and ΔACF,
∠A = ∠A (It is the common angle)
∠AEB = ∠AFC (They are right angles)
BE = CF (Given in the question)
∴ ΔABE ≅ ΔACF by AAS congruency condition.
(ii) AB = AC by CPCT and so, ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Solution:
In the question, it is given that ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles.
We will have to show that ∠ABD = ∠ACD
Proof:
Triangles ΔABD and ΔACD are similar by SSS congruency since
AD = AD (It is the common arm)
AB = AC (Since ABC is an isosceles triangle)
BD = CD (Since BCD is an isosceles triangle)
So, ΔABD ≅ ΔACD.
∴ ∠ABD = ∠ACD by CPCT.
 In ΔABC,
∠CAB + ∠ACB + ∠ABC = 180°
So, ∠CAB + 2∠ACB = 180°
⇒ ∠CAB = 180° – 2∠ACB — (i)
Similarly, in ΔADC,
∠CAD = 180° – 2∠ACD — (ii)
6. Solution:
also,
It is given that AB = AC and AD = AB
∠CAB + ∠CAD = 180° (BD is a straight line.)
To prove ∠BCD =90 ° is a right angle.
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
Proof: ∠CAB + ∠CAD = 180° – 2∠ACB+180° – 2∠A
Consider ΔABC, ⇒ 180° = 360° – 2∠ACB-2∠ACD
AB = AC (It is given in the question) ⇒ 2(∠ACB+∠ACD) = 180°
Also, ∠ACB = ∠ABC (They are angles opposite to ⇒ ∠BCD = 90°
the equal sides, and so they are equal)
Now, consider ΔACD,
AD = AB
Also, ∠ADC = ∠ACD (They are angles opposite to
the equal sides, and so they are equal)
Now,
7. ABC is a right-angled triangle in which ∠A = 90° and AB = AC. Find ∠B and ∠C.

In the question, it is given that

∠A = 90° and AB = AC
AB = AC
⇒ ∠B = ∠C (They are angles opposite to the equal sides, and so they are equal)
Now,
∠A+∠B+∠C = 180° (Since the sum of the interior angles of the triangle)
∴ 90° + 2∠B = 180°
⇒ 2∠B = 90°
⇒ ∠B = 45°
8. Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60° each.
So, ∠B = ∠C = 45°
Solution:
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle, as shown below:

Here, BC = AC = AB (Since the length of all sides is the same)

⇒ ∠A = ∠B =∠C (Sides opposite to the equal angles are equal)
Also, we know that
∠A+∠B+∠C = 180°
⇒ 3∠A = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 60°
∴ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
So, the angles of an equilateral triangle are always 60° each.
 (iii) ∠PAB = ∠PAC by CPCT as ΔABD ≅ ΔACD
AP bisects ∠A. — (i)
Also, ΔBPD and ΔCPD are similar in SSS congruency as
PD = PD (It is the common side)
BD = CD (Since ΔDBC is isosceles)
BP = CP (by CPCT as ΔABP ≅ ΔACP)
So, ΔBPD ≅ ΔCPD.
Thus, ∠BDP = ∠CDP by CPCT — (ii)
Now, by comparing (i) and (ii), it can be said that AP
bisects ∠A as well as ∠D.

Solution:
In the above question, it is given that ΔABC and ΔDBC are two isosceles triangles.
(i) ΔABD and ΔACD are similar by SSS congruency because
AD = AD (It is the common arm) (iv) ∠BPD = ∠CPD (by CPCT as ΔBPD ΔCPD)
AB = AC (Since ΔABC is isosceles) and BP = CP — (i)
BD = CD (Since ΔDBC is isosceles) also,
∴ ΔABD ≅ ΔACD. ∠BPD +∠CPD = 180° (Since BC is a straight line)
⇒ 2∠BPD = 180°
⇒ ∠BPD = 90° —(ii)
(ii) ΔABP and ΔACP are similar as Now, from equations (i) and (ii), it can be said that
AP = AP (It is the common side) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.
∠PAB = ∠PAC (by CPCT since ΔABD ≅ ΔACD)
AB = AC (Since ΔABC is isosceles)
So, ΔABP ≅ ΔACP by SAS congruency condition.
 2. It is given that AD is an altitude and AB = AC.
The diagram is as follows:

i) In ΔABD and ΔACD,

The given parameters are: ∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90°
AB = PQ, AB = AC (It is given in the question)
BC = QR and AD = AD (Common arm)
AM = PN ∴ ΔABD ≅ ΔACD by R.H.S. congruence condition.
(i) ½ BC = BM and ½ QR = QN (Since AM and PN are Now, by the rule of CPCT,
medians) BD = CD.
Also, BC = QR So, AD bisects BC.
So, ½ BC = ½ QR
⇒ BM = QN (ii) Again, by the rule of CPCT, ∠BAD = ∠CAD
In ΔABM and ΔPQN, Hence, AD bisects ∠A.
AM = PN and AB = PQ (As given in the question)
BM = QN (Already proved)
∴ ΔABM ≅ ΔPQN by SSS congruency.
ii) In ΔABC and ΔPQR,
AB = PQ and BC = QR (As given in the question)
∠ABC = ∠PQR (by CPCT)
So, ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR by SAS congruency.
 .

4) It is known that BE and CF are two equal altitudes.

Now, in ΔBEC and ΔCFB,

∠BEC = ∠CFB = 90° (Same Altitudes)

BC = CB (Common side)
BE = CF (Common side)
In the question, it is given that AB = AC.
So, ΔBEC ≅ ΔCFB by RHS congruence criterion.
Now, ΔABP and ΔACP are similar by RHS congruency as
Also, ∠C = ∠B (by CPCT)
∠APB = ∠APC = 90° (AP is altitude)
AB = AC (Given in the question) Therefore, AB = AC as sides opposite to the equal angles
AP = AP (Common side) is always equal.
So, ΔABP ≅ ΔACP

∴ ∠B = ∠C (by CPCT)
 2.