INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS
Dr Shahzad Akhtar Aziz
Associate Professor
Community Medicine,
Islamic International Medical College
ANALYSIS OF DATA
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
Measures of central Measures of
tendency dispersion
Range,
Mean
Mean
Median deviation,
Mode Variance,
Standard
Deviation
STATISTICAL AVERAGES
MEAN
Is the average value of observations, it is obtained by
Sum of all the observation divided by number of
Observations. Denoted by X bar
Mean = ∑xi/n
∑ = meaning sum of
Xi denotes the values of variable
n is the number of values
Characteristics of Mean
1. Easy to calculate
2. Utilizes all values of data
3. It is greatly influenced by extreme values
How Mean is Calculated
Suppose we have to calculate the mean diastolic
blood pressure of following
85,75,70,60,90,80,65,95 = 620
No of values = 8
Mean Diastolic blood pressure =
620/8 = 77.5
MEDIAN
Urinary concentration of lead in 16 rural children 0.2, 0.3, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.5, 1.7,
1.8, 1.9, 1.9, 2.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4
To find the median (or mid point) we need to identify the point which has the
property that half the data are greater than it, and half the data are less than it.
For 15 points, the mid point is clearly the eighth, so that seven points are less
than the median, and seven points are greater than it. This is easily obtained from by
counting the eighth figure.
To find the median for an even number of points, the procedure is as follows.
To obtain the median we average the eighth and ninth points (1.8 and 1.9) to
get 1.85. In general, if n is even, we average the n/2th largest and the n/2 + 1th largest
observations.
MODE
The mode is the commonly occurring
value in a distribution of data.
85,75,81,79,75,71,90
75 is the mode in above set of data
It is easy to understand
Not affected by extreme values
Seldom used in medical statistics.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
RANGE
It is defined as the difference between the highest
and lowest figures in a given set of data.
83,75,81,79,71,90,75,95,77,84.
Highest value is 95 and lowest value is 71 therefore
the range is expressed as 71 to 95 or the actual
difference 24.
MEAN DEVIATION:
It is the average of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.
Diastolic BP Arithmetic mean Deviation from
mean
X-X
83 81 2
75 81 -6
81 81 0
79 81 2
71 81 -10
95 81 14
75 81 -6
77 81 -4
84 81 3
90 81 9
Total 810 56
Mean = 810/10 = 81
Mean Deviation = ∑ (X – X) = 56 = 5.6
n 10
VARIANCE:
Variance is an average spread of values
around the mean, but it is difficult to
interpret because it is the square of the
units used for measurement.
V2 = ∑(X – X)2
n
STANDARD DEVIATION
When the variance is expressed in terms of the
original, unsquared units it is called standard
deviation.
S.D = V = ∑(X-X)2
n
A small standard deviation indicates that most
values are very close to mean, whereas a large SD
indicates that many values lie far from Mean.
S.D = V = ∑ (X-X)2
n
Diastolic BP Arithmetic Deviation (x-x)2
mean from
mean
(X – X)
83 81 2 4
75 81 -6 36
81 81 0 0
79 81 2 4
71 81 -10 100
95 81 14 196
75 81 -6 36
77 81 -4 16
84 81 3 9
90 81 9 81
X = 81 ∑ (x-x)2 = 482
S.D = ∑ (X-X)2 = 482 = 482 = √ 53.5 = 7.31
n-1 10-1 9
Sample Population
View View
Average x1 x2 x3 ...xn 1 n
x xi E (x)
n n i 1
Variance n
1 2
s2 ( xi x) 2
n 1 i 1
Standard
deviation s s2 ( x) n
Standard
s
error of SEM
n
mean
