Resources and

Development
Presented by Jaza, Amal and Nur
 Resource
Anything available in our
environment that can be
used to satisfy our needs,
is technologically
accessible, economically
feasible and culturally
acceptable.
Classification of resources

 On the basis of origin - Biotic/Abiotic.

 On the basis of exhaustibility – Renewable/Non-
renewable.
 On the basis of ownership –
individual/community/national/international.
 On the basis of status of development –
potential/developed/stock/reserves.
Flow Chart
On the basis of origin

 Biotic Resources: Resources

obtained from biosphere and have
life. E.g: Humans, fisheries, flora and
fauna, etc.
 Abiotic Resources: Resources
composed of non-living things. E.g:
Rocks, metals, etc.
On the basis of exhaustibility

 Renewable Resources: Resources that can be

reproduced by physical, chemical and mechanical
processes i.e. replenish able Resources. E.g: Forests,
solar energy, wind energy, water, etc. These can be
divided into continuous/flow and biological resources.
 Non-renewable Resources: Resources that occur
over a very long geological time i.e. take millions of
years to form. E.g: Fossil fuels, etc. These can be
divided into recyclable and non-recyclable resources.
  Individual resources: They are owned
by individuals. E.g: land, houses, plots,
On the basis of bonds and water sources like wells.
ownership  Community owned resources: They
are accessible to all members of the
1. Territorial waters: Extend community. E.g: grazing grounds, burial
up to 12 nautical miles [22.2 grounds, village ponds, public parks.
km], granting full sovereignty
to the nation.  National resources: A nation has legal
2. Contiguous zone: The authority over all resources within its
contiguous zone extends from borders, including land, minerals, water
12-24 nautical miles [44.4 km] and wildlife,
It is an intermediary zone
between the territorial  International recourses: International
sea and EEZ. institutions regulate resources beyond
3. Exclusive economic 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive
zone[EEZ]: extends up to 200 Economic zone, which belong to the
nautical miles [370.4 km] open ocean. No individual country can
granting rights to exploit utilize these resources bodies without
marine resources beyond
the approval of these international
which international regulation
applies bodies.
India has been given permission to extract manganese
nodules from the ocean floor in a region beyond its
exclusive economic zone. This means India can mine
these nodules from an area in the Indian Ocean that
doesn't fall under its direct jurisdiction.

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Know?
On the basis of development
 Potential resources: Potential resources are those found in
a region but remain untapped.
 Developed resources: Developed resources are those that
have been surveyed, and their quality and quantity have been
assessed for potential utilization.
 Stock: Stock refers to materials in the environment that have
the potential to meet human needs, but current technology
doesn't allow access to them..
 Reserves: Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be
put into use with the help of existing technical, 'Know how'
but their use has not been started.
 Table

On the Potential Developed Stock Reserves

basis of resources resources
status of
developmen
t
Availability of ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔
technology

Willingness to ✔ ✔ ✔ ✘
use

Are we able ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔
to use them [Future
needs]

Examples Solar energy Petroleum Hydrogen, Hydroelectric

oxygen power
 Development of resources
The belief in resources as limitless gifts of
nature has spurred their reckless exploitation,
primarily driven by the greed of a select few.
This has resulted in severe ecological crises
such as global warming, ozone layer depletion,
pollution, and land degradation. The unequal
distribution of resources creates societal
divisions, posing threats to global peace.
Urgent action towards equitable distribution is
important to ensure a sustainable future for all ..
Historical Milestones in Resource
Conservation
 1968: Club of Rome advocates resource conservation
systematically for the first time.
 1974: Schumacher presents Gandhian philosophy in
"Small is Beautiful," emphasizing resource conservation.
 1987: Brundtland Commission Report introduces the
concept of "Sustainable Development," advocating it as a
means for resource conservation in "Our Common Future.“
 1992: Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro further emphasizes
resource conservation on a global scale.
“There is enough for everybody’s need and not for
anybody’s greed”
--Mahatma Gandhi-
Sustainable development: Sustainable economic development means
'development should take place without damaging the environment, and development
in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.'

Rio de Janeiro Earth

Summit, 1992 Agenda 21
 Agenda 21: Signed at UNCED in Rio de
In June 1992, Rio de Janeiro, it's a global action plan for
Janeiro hosted the first sustainable development.

International Earth Objectives: Combat environmental
degradation, poverty, and disease
Summit, where leaders through global cooperation.

from over 100 countries  Emphasis: Common interests, mutual

needs, shared responsibilities.
gathered to address  Local Implementation: Every local
urgent environmental and government to develop its own Agenda
21.
socioeconomic challenges  Purpose: Contribute to sustainable
on a global scale. development efforts at the local level.
  Essential steps involved in India's resource planning
Resource planning are:
 Inventory of Resources:
in India • Consider the size and type of resources available across
the country's regions.

Why do we need • Identify available engineering know-how and technology.

• Conduct surveys, mapping, and both quantitative and
resource planning? qualitative measurements of resources.
 Planning Structure:
Resource planning is • Develop a proper planning structure based on appropriate
vital for judicious use technology.
• Formulate resource development plans using the gathered
of resources. It information.

ensures equal and  Development Goals:

• Align national and regional goals.
even distribution of • Prepare lands accordingly to prevent intra and inter-
resources. regional conflicts
 Preventing Human Exploitation:
• Ensure resources are not wrongly exploited in specific
regions.
• Implement measures to safeguard against improper
exploitation and promote sustainable resource
management.
  Steps involving conservation of
Conservation of
resources:
resources
i. To make judicious and planned
What is conservation use of resources
of resources?
ii. To maintain resources in healthy
Resource conservation condition so as to stop their
means safeguarding degradation.
precious resources such
as minerals, wildlife, iii. To make proper provisions to
trees, water, and other meet the needs of future
natural resources. generations.
Resource conservation
also involves judicious use
iv. To seek involvement of the
of resources to avoid community especially in case of
waste and allow the forest, land, water and air so as
environment to to keep the resources in
rejuvenate. renewable and healthy state
 Land
resources
Plate
• Importance of Land: aus
30% Plain
 Supports natural vegetation, s
wildlife, human life, economic 43%
activities, transport, and
communication systems.
 A finite resource that requires
careful planning for various
purposes.
• Land Distribution in India:
Moun
 Mountains: 30% of total surface tains
area, ensuring perennial flow of 27%
rivers, tourism, and ecological
aspects.
 Plateaus: 27% of the country's
area, rich in minerals, fossil fuels,
and forests. Plains Mountains Plateaus
 Plains: 43% of land area,
facilitating agriculture and
industry.
Land utilization

 The land resources are used for the following purposes:

1. Forests
2. Barren land, waste land and land for non-agricultural uses, e.g., buildings, roads,
factories etc.
3. Permanent pastures and grazing land, land under miscellaneous tree crops
groves (not included in the net sown area) and cultivable wasteland.
4. Fallow lands:
 Current fallow ( left for less than 1 year or 1 year)
 Other than the current fallow land ( left for more than 1 year).
5. Net sown area: the total land under cultivation.
 The area sown more than once in a year plus the net sown area is called gross
cropped area.
Land use pattern in India

 Determinants of Land Use:

• Physical factors: Topography, climate, soil types. -
• Human factors: Population density, technological capability, culture, and traditions.
 Geographical Area of India: 3.28 million sq km.
 Land Use Data Coverage: Available for 93% of the total geographical area.
 Challenges in Land Use Reporting: Incomplete reporting in North-East states (except
Assam), and parts of UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh occupied by Pakistan and
China.
 Pattern of Net Sown Area:
• Varies greatly among states.
• Over 80% in Punjab and Haryana.
• Less than 10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Andaman Nicobar Islands.
 Forest Area Deficiency: Below desired 33% of geographical area outlined in the National
Forest Policy (1952).
Pie chart for land use pattern in India
1960-61 2014-15
Reporting Area: 100 % Reporting Area: 100 %

Forest Forest
Barren and ulculturable waste land Barren and unculturable waste land
Area under non-agricultural uses Area under non agricultural uses
Permanent pasture and grazing land Permanent pastures and grazing land
Area under misc. tree crops and groves Area under misc. tree crops and groves
Culturable waste land Culturable waste land
 Land degradation and
conservation methods
Causes of land
degradation Conservation measures
 Human activities: Deforestation,  Afforestation and proper grazing
overgrazing, mining, and quarrying. management.
 Mining: Abandoned sites leave deep  Planting shelter belts and
scars and over-burdening traces.
controlling overgrazing.
 Overgrazing: Leads to soil erosion..
 Stabilizing sand dunes with thorny
 Over-irrigation: Leads to
waterlogging and increased soil salinity
bushes.
and alkalinity.  Proper management of
 Industrial processes: Generate dust wastelands and controlling mining
hindering water infiltration. activities.
 Industrial effluents: Major sources of  Treating and disposing of
land and water pollution. industrial effluents.
Soil as a
resource
• Soil is the most crucial
renewable natural
resource, supporting plant
growth and various living
organisms.
• It's a living system, taking
millions of years to form
up to a few centimetres in
depth.
• Factors affecting soil
formation include relief,
parent rock, climate,
vegetation, time, and
various natural forces like
temperature changes,
water flow, wind, and
glaciers.
 Major soil types in India
Red
Alluvia Black and
l soils soils yellow
soils
Laterit Arid Forest
e soils soils soils
Alluvial soils
• Widely spread and
important soil type,
predominant in northern
plains and eastern coastal
plains.
• Deposited by major
Himalayan river systems
like the Indus, Ganga, and
Brahmaputra.
• Consists of sand, silt, and
clay, with finer particles
towards river valleys.
• Classified as old (Bangar)
and new (Khadar) alluvial
soils.
• Highly fertile, suitable for
crops like sugarcane,
Black soils
• Also known as Regur soils, ideal for
cotton cultivation due to its black
colour and fine texture.
• Found in the Deccan trap (Basalt)
region, covering plateaus of
Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and
extending southeast along the
Godavari and Krishna valleys.
• Composed of extremely fine, clayey
material with high moisture retention
capacity.
• Rich in soil nutrients like calcium
carbonate, magnesium, potash, and
lime, but low in phosphoric content.
• Develops deep cracks during hot
weather for proper soil aeration.
• Sticky when wet, requiring immediate
ploughing after rainfall for cultivation.
Red and yellow
soils
• Develops on
crystalline igneous
rocks in areas of
low rainfall.
• Found in parts of
Odisha,
Chhattisgarh,
southern parts of
the Ganga plain,
and along the
Western Ghats
piedmont zone.
• Reddish colour due
Laterite soils
• Develops under tropical
and subtropical climates
with alternate wet and dry
seasons.
• Result of intense leaching
due to heavy rain.
• Deep to very deep, acidic,
and deficient in plant
nutrients.
• Found mostly in southern
states and prone to erosion
and degradation.
• Useful for tea and coffee
cultivation in suitable
regions.
ARID SOILS
• Ranges from red to
brown in colour, sandy
in texture, and saline.
• High salt content;
common salt obtained
by water evaporation.
• Lacks humus and
moisture due to dry
climate.
• Kankar layer restricts
water infiltration;
becomes cultivable
after proper irrigation.
Forest soils
• Found in hilly and
mountainous areas with
sufficient rainforests.
• Texture varies based on
mountain environment,
loamy and silty in valley
sides, coarse-grained in
upper slopes.
• Acidic with low humus
content in snow-covered
areas of the Himalayas.
• Fertile soils found in lower
parts of valleys,
particularly on river
terraces and alluvial fans.
 SOIL EROSION AND
CONSERVATION
Soil Erosion Soil Conservation
 Denudation and washing  Contour ploughing: Ploughing
down of soil cover. along contour lines to slow
water flow.-
 Causes: Natural forces (wind,
 Terrace farming: Steps cut on
water, glacier) and human
slopes to create terraces,
activities (deforestation, over-
preventing erosion.-
grazing, construction, mining).
 Strip cropping: Dividing fields
 Processes: Gully erosion, into strips, leaving grass strips
sheet erosion, wind erosion.- between crops.-
Defective farming methods  Shelter belts: Planting trees to
also contribute. create shelter, stabilizing sand
dunes and desert areas.
THANK YOU!