DR.

AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

GROUP ACTIVITY ON:

BASICS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY INCLUDING
MEASUREMENTS

GROUP STUDENTS:
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
OMKARSWAMI P M 1DA19CV050 TILAK L N
HARISH GOWDA B G 1DA20CV408 Department of civil Engineering Dr. AIT
MAHESHA N 1DA20CV412
MANOJ KUMAR Y R 1DA20CV414
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Principle of photogrammetry
• Basic terms used in photogrammetry
• Types of photogrammetry / photographs
1. terrestrial photographs
2. Aerial photographs
• The photo-theodolite
• Reference
 INTRODUCTION
• Photogrammetric surveying or photogrammetry is the branch of surveying
in which maps are prepared from photo-graphs taken from ground or air
stations.
• Is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for
recovering the exact positions of surface points.
• With an advancement of the photogrammetric techniques, photographs are
also being used for the classification of soils and crops ,etc.

• Photogrammetry may employ high-speed imaging and remote sensing in

order to detect, measure and record complex 2-D and 3-D motion fields.
• Is the making of precise measurements from photographs; the making of
maps from photographs, especially from aerial surveying.
• The science of using aerial photography and other The science of using
aerial photography and other remote sensing imagery to obtain
measurement of natural and man-made features on the earth.
• In this method, object are measured without being touched.

Source : [Link]
PRINCIPLE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• Principle of photogrammetric survey in its simplest form is very similar
to that of the plane table survey.
• Only difference is that the most of the work which in plane table survey
is executed in the field, is done in office.
• The principal point of each photograph is used as a fixed station and
rays are drawn to get points of intersections very similar to those used in
plane table.
• It Is suitable for topographical or engineering surveys and also for those
projects demanding higher accuracy.
• It is unsuitable for dense forest and flat-sands due to the difficulty of
identifying points upon the pair of photographs.
BASIC TERMS USED IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• Tilted Photograph:
An aerial photograph taken with a camera having it’s optical axis tilted
usually less than 3º from the vertical is known as tilted photograph.
• Exposure (or air) station :
The exact position of the front nodal point of the lens in the air at the
instant of exposure.
• Flying height :
The elevation of the air station above the mean sea level is known as
flying height of the aircraft.
Optical axis (OA):
is a line passing through the camera lens and being at right angle to the camera
film (Figure 3.1).
Vertical axis (LP):
is a line passing through the camera lens and parallel to the earth's gravity. So it
is perpendicular to the ground surface
Pointing (sighting) angle:
is the angle between the optical axis (OA) and the ground surface which is a
horizontal plane
Nadir point :
is the true center of the photograph. In other words, nadir is that point where a
perpendicular from the ground through the center of the camera-lens intersects
the film plane . The position of the nadir on the photograph is important because
topographic displacement is always radial from the nadir.
Iso- center:
Iso-center is a point on the axis of tilt and
lies approximately halfway between principal
point and nadir on the photo. The iso center is
a focus of tilt displacement, the latter being a
function of the distance to the iso center and
is radial from this point.

[Link]
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY / PHOTOGRAPHS
• The photographs used in photogrammetry may be broadly classified into two
types depending upon the camera position at the time of photography.
The types are-
• Terrestrial Photographs
• Aerial Photographs
• Terrestrial Photographs:
• Terrestrial Photographs taken from camera station at a fixed position on or near
the ground is known as Terrestrial Photographs.
• The photographs are taken by means of a phototheodolite which is
combination of a camera and a theodolite.
• Based on the principle that “if the directions of same objects
photographed from two extremities of measured base are known, their
position can be located by the intersection of two rays to the same object .

 TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHS:
• photographs are taken from elevated ground stations.
• Method is very similar that the camera is in stationary position.
• Camera used in this method is called photo-theodolite as it will require
the same features as theodolite.
• It is much cheaper and can be carried out by individual surveying firms
also.
[Link]
[Link]
S0013795209000556
TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
• Difference between this and plane tabling is that more details are at once
obtained from the photographs and their subsequent plotting etc. is done by
the office while in plane tabling all the detailing is done in the field itself.
• Fig A and B are the two stations at the ends of base AB.
• Arrows indicate the directions of horizontal pointing (in plan) of the camera.
For each pair of pictures taken from the two ends, the camera axis is kept
parallel to each other.
• From economy and speed point of view, minimum number of photographs
should be used to cover the whole area and to achieve this photographs
should be used to cover the whole area and to achieve this, it is essential to
select the best positions of the camera stations.
• Study of the area should be done from the existing maps, and a ground
reconnaissance should be made. Selection of actual stations depends upon
the size and ruggedness of the area.
• These photographs provides the front view of elevation & are generally
used for the survey of structure & Architectural Monuments.

[Link]
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
• Photographs taken from a Aerial camera mounted on a aerial
vehicle.
• Used for various purpose, mainly information extraction on the
ground surface.
• Aerial photographs are obtained from the aerial cameras mounted
on aerial vehicle(aero plane for the purpose of photography).
• Used for various purpose, mainly information extraction on the
ground surface Photographs are taken.
• It Is the branch of photogrammetry where the photographs are taken
from air station.
• This is the best mapping procedure yet developed for large objects and are
useful for military intelligence.
• For this, aerial camera is used which are fixed on flying aircraft.

[Link]
printing-software/photogrammetry-software/

[Link]
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
• According to the direction of the camera axis at the time of exposure
aerial photographs may be classified into:
1. Vertical photographs
2. Oblique photographs
Vertical photographs :
• These photographs are taken from the air with the axis of the Camera
vertical or nearly vertical .
• A truly vertical Photograph closely resembles a map.
• These are utilized for the compilation of topographic and engineering
surveys on various scales.
[Link]
 OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS
• Photographs are taken from air with the axis of the camera intentionally tilted
from the vertical.
• An oblique photograph covers larger area of the ground but clarity of details
diminishes towards the far end of the photograph.
• Depending upon the angle of obliquity, oblique photographs may he further
divided into two categories.
• Low oblique photographs :
• An oblique photograph which does not show the horizon, is known as low
oblique photograph.
• Such photographs are generally used to compile reconnaissance maps of Such
photographs are generally used to compile reconnaissance maps of
inaccessible areas.
High oblique photograph:
• An oblique photograph which is sufficiently tilted to show the horizon, is
known as high oblique, photograph.
•Such photographs were previously used for the extension of planimetric and
height control in areas having scanty ground control.

[Link]
 THE PHOTO-THEODOLITE

CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF PHOTOTHEODOLITE:

• Is a combination of camera and theodolite mounted on the same tripod,
Used in terrestrial photogrammetry for mapmaking and other purposes.
Photographs obtained are used for the construction of topographic maps,
classification of soil, interpretation of geology. While taking the
photographs the camera axis is kept parallel to each other.
• It consists of :
• A camera box of fixed focus type
• A hollow rectangular frame placed vertically to the rear side
• The sensified photographic plate.
 THE PHOTO-THEODOLITE
• Camera box is supported on the tripod and is furnished with an
inner and outer axis each of which is fitted with a clamp and
fine adjusting screw.
• The graduated horizontal circle carries verniers reading to
single minutes. These are supported on a levelling head carrying
three foot screws. foot screws.
• On the top of the box, a telescope is fitted. The telescope can be
rotated in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis and is fitted
with vertical arc with verniers, clamp & slow motion screw.
• The line of sight of the telescope is set in the same vertical
plane as the optical axis of camera.
 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH / CAMERA
• Aerial camera are used to have aerial photographs which are fixed on flying
aircraft.
• Primary function of the terrestrial camera as well as the aerial camera is the
same, i.e., that of taking pictures.
• Aerial camera is mounted on a fast moving aero plane, its requirements are
quite different.
Aerial camera requires :
• Fast Lens
• Fast Lens High speed & sufficient shutter
• High speed emulsion for the film
Aerial camera is considered to be a surveying instrument of great precision.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
/ CAMERA
An aerial camera consists of following essential parts
• lens assembly consists of lenses, the diaphragm,
shutter and the filter.(Fig-6,8,9)
• Camera cone which supports the entire lens
assembly including the filter. (fig - 5)
• focal (2) plane exactly above the collimation mark.
• camera body (3) provided at the top of cone which
acts as an integral part to preserve the interior
orientation.
• Drive mechanism which is housed in camera body
& used for winding and tripping the shutter,
operating the vaccum system for flattering the film,
winding the film.
• The magazine (1) which holds the exposed and
unexposed films & houses the film flattening device
at the focal plane.
[Link]
03_mapping_cameras.pdf
[Link]
 There are three types of Aerial Camera :
• Super wide angle camera –
f=100mm (used in flat areas like terai of Nepal & in plain areas)
• Wide angle camera –
f=150mm (Used in hilly areas)
• Narrow angle camera –
f=300mm (Used in higher Himalayas, sky scrappers & city like New York)

[Link]
REFERENCE
• Photogrammetry-Geometry from Images and Laser Scans
Author- Karl Kraus, Published by- De Gruyter, in the year-2007
Pages- Front matter: 15,Main content: 459.
• Basics of Photogrammetry for VR Professionals: 3D Visualization of Cultural
Heritage Objects
Author- Otto Luna, Published on- 08/02/2020, Vol:45.
• The Evolution of Digital Photogrammetry from Analytical Photogrammetry
Author- B P Wrobble, Published in the year- 1991
Pages: 765-776.