IHS 514

SAFETY, HEALTH &

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
Four Causes of Accidents
• I Didn't See
• I Didn't Think
• I Didn't know
• I Didn’t Ask

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Some Definitions
• Health: a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity
• Safety: condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury
• Health & Safety: regulations and procedures intended to prevent accident or injury
in workplaces or public environments
• Term Health and Safety is generally used to describe Occupational Health and
Safety (OSH), and relates to the prevention of accidents and ill health to employees
and those who may be affected by their work
• Environment: surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives
or operates
• Legislation: the process of making or enacting laws

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Environmental Health
• Environmental health refers to limiting health hazards in the workplace. This involves examining an
environment to identify potentially hazardous agents and putting measures in place that protect
workers
• Biological Hazards: Come from organisms, including people, animals and plants, and threaten
human health. Examples of biological hazards include mold, sewage, blood and bodily fluids. These
dangers can result in diseases and allergic reactions and limit employees’ ability to carry out their
work.
• Chemical Hazards: Chemicals can be toxic, corrosive, flammable and combustible. As such, they
can pose health risks to workers and become hazards if workers inhale, ingest or absorb them
through their skin. Chemical hazards can cause acute harm, such as burns, irritation and vomiting, or
create chronic health issues, such as asthma, liver damage and cancer.
• Physical Hazards: Include activities or natural substances in a work environment that pose health
risks. Extreme temperatures, poor air quality, excessive noise and radiation in the workplace can all
harm workers, potentially causing respiratory problems, hearing loss and cancer, among other
problems

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Some Statistics
• 5,333 fatal work injuries recorded in the United States in 2019, a 2% increase from
2018
• A worker died every 99 minutes from a work-related injury in 2019
• Falls, slips, and trips increased 11 percent in 2019 to 880
• Nearly 1 out of every 5 fatally injured workers was employed as a driver/sales
worker or truck driver
• Statistical data show that, worldwide, the highest rates of occupational deaths occur
in agriculture, forestry, mining and construction

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Labor, Management, & Safety
• Workplace is a balance between management and labor, with the safety function
often thrust into the middle
• Management is production driven, dollar cognizant, quality motivated, and salary
paid
• Labor consists of a number of individuals who perform specific work tasks, are
responsible for individual job functions, and are paid by the hour
• Diverse interests between Management & Labor – labor and management can
conflict, creating adversarial situations that encompass the safety function
• Safety professionals can be the link between management and labor
• Safety professional is employed to minimize risks and save money for the company
or organization

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Five elements of successful management practice
– Planning
– Organization
– Control
– Monitoring
– Review

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Planning: Employers should set up an effective health and safety management
system to implement their health and safety policy which is proportionate to the
hazards and risks
• Involves:
– Adopting a systematic approach to the completion of a risk assessment
– Selecting appropriate methods of risk control to minimize risks
– Establishing priorities and developing performance standards both for the
completion of risk assessment(s) and for the implementation of preventive and
protective measures

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Organization. This includes
– Involving employees and their representatives in carrying out risk
assessments, deciding on preventive and protective measures and
implementing those requirements in the workplace
– Establishing effective means of communication and consultation in which a
positive approach to health and safety is visible and clear
– Securing competence by the provision of adequate information, instruction and
training and its evaluation, particularly for those who carry out risk
assessments and make decisions about preventive and protective measures

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Control. Establishing control includes:
– Clarifying health and safety responsibilities and ensuring that the activities of
everyone are well coordinated
– Ensuring everyone with responsibilities understands clearly what they have to
do to discharge their responsibilities, and ensure they have the time and
resources to discharge them effectively
– Setting standards to judge the performance of those with responsibilities and
ensure they meet them. It is important to reward good performance as well as
to take action to improve poor performance
– Ensuring adequate and appropriate supervision, particularly for those who are
learning and who are new to a job

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Monitoring. Employers should measure what they are doing to implement their
health and safety policy, to assess how effectively they are controlling risks, and
how well they are developing a positive health and safety culture
• Monitoring includes:
– Having a plan and making adequate routine inspections and checks to ensure
that preventive and protective measures are in place and effective
– Adequately investigating the immediate and underlying causes of incidents
and to ensure that remedial action is taken, lessons are learnt and longer-term
objectives are introduced

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Elements of Successful Management Practice
• Review. Review involves:
– Establishing priorities for necessary remedial action that was discovered as a
result of monitoring to ensure that suitable action is taken in good time and is
completed
– Periodically reviewing the whole of the health and safety management system
including the elements of planning, organization, control and monitoring to
ensure that the whole system remains effective

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Key Elements of Successful Health & Safety Management
Health & Safety
Policy
Policy development

Organizational
Organizing
development

Planning &
Auditing
Implementation

Developing
Measuring techniques of
Performance planning, measuring
and reviewing

Reviewing
Performance
Feedback loop to improve
performance

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Accident Prevention
• Active monitoring
– Proactive or pre-accident strategies are concerned with the prevention of
accidents, incidents and ill health. They include the implementation of well-
established ‘safe place’ and ‘safe person’ strategies
• Reactive monitoring
– Involves a number of post-accident strategies, directed at identifying the
causes of accidents and ill health and obtaining feedback for incorporation in
future proactive strategies. The reporting, recording and investigation of
accidents is a common reactive strategy

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Safety Monitoring
• Safety monitoring is a proactive area of health and safety practice directed at
identifying hazards and assessing and evaluating safety performance. Safety
monitoring systems form part of the ‘arrangements’ for health and safety in the
organization’s statement of health and safety policy
• Safety monitoring may take the form of:
– Safety inspections
– Safety audits
– Safety surveys
– Safety tours
– Safety sampling exercises
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Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
• Hazard – any source of potential injury, disease, harm, damage to people, properties, or the
environment
• Risk – the likelihood or probability of a hazard causing injury, disease, harm, or damage to people,
properties, or the environment
• Risk management – the process of identifying, assessing and prioritizing of risks followed by the
application to minimize, monitor and control their impact
• Risk assessment – the process of determining the likelihood of identified hazards being realized
and the magnitude of their consequences if they do occur
• Control measures – ways of reducing the risk of a hazard, injury or ill health
• Incident – work-related event, which, under slightly different circumstances, may have resulted in
injury, illness, death or destruction of property
• Accident – work-related unplanned event that resulted in injury or ill health of people or the damage
or loss of property
• OSH responsible – person employed by a company who has relevant background and experience
in OSH
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Why is Risk Management Important?
• Risk management helps organizations to:
– Protect the safety and health of employees, in addition to preservation of
property and the environment
– Provide overall benefit through working on reducing real risks – both those that
arise more often than others, and those with serious consequences
– Increase efficiency & productivity or work, in addition to reduce staff turnover
and occupational absence
– Enhance employer’s awareness of occupational safety and health for better
management and control measures of risks

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Who is Responsible For Risk Management?
Roles Responsibilities
Employers Ensure that safety Ensure all OSH activities and
(management) measures are in place regulations are followed
Ensure safety of employees and
civilians around a workplace
OSH Manage risk and perform risk Identify risk and install control
responsible assessment measures
Report any accidents or injuries Plan, coordinate, execute, lead
that arises in the workplace and monitor all risk management
Risk Assessment activities
Responsibility
Employees Co-operate with employer on Report any situation which could
safety and health present a hazard
Participate in controlling and Comply with instruction given by
eliminating risks as per the OSH the OSH responsible
responsible instructions

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Detailed Roles & Responsibilities of OSH Responsible
• Develop the plan needed to remove and/or limit the risk
• Institute suitable OSH management arrangements appropriate to the work
environment
• Coordinate with the responsible authority to establish effective communication
channels
• Conduct, record, review and continuously update risk assessments
• Consult the employees about OSH related topics and raising OSH awareness

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Risk Management Is a Continuous Cycle Consisting of 6 Steps

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How To Assess & Manage Risk At The Workplace
Step 1: Identify the hazards
One of the most important aspects of risk management is looking for any potential hazards
This step needs to be undertaken on a continuous basis to ensure new activities processes and/or
substances are deemed safe for employee use

Step 2: Identify who might be harmed

Once the hazard has been identified, it is important to be clear about who is at risk of
getting harmed
This step is particularly vital as it identifies the best way to approach the risk and potentially
determine methods of managing it

Step 3: Assess/evaluate the risk

Having spotted the hazard, it is then time to decide how likely it is to happen, the degree of
potential harm, and choose what to do about it
The step is conducted by using the risk assessment

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How To Assess & Manage Risk At The Workplace
Step 4: Take action to control the risk
If a hazard cannot be removed, it is necessary to consider all possible ways to control the
risk so that harm is unlikely
ab ly
There are 5 control measures that can be taken to control the risk: on elimination, substitution,
as
engineering controls, administrative controls and the use of PPE g ‹ re
yt hin
ever isk
Step 5: Record and implement d o er
d t o e th
e
ct the u c
dpotential
Once the hazards have been identifiedpand e r e way to control the risk assessed, it
ex nd
is important to note the main findings are gdown
ea
es a
This will help to communicate lo e
yand an manage the risks at the workplace as well as to review
better
m
m p › to
e
l example
findings at a later date,alfor b le if something changes
nd actic a
n t a r
m e p
age assessment and update if necessary
Step 6: Regularly reviewanrisk
M
It is necessary to conduct a review on an ongoing basis and to ensure that the risk
assessment stays up to date
Few workplaces stay the same. Sooner or later, new equipment, substances and procedures
might be introduced that could lead to new hazards and risks
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Step 1: Identify the hazards
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Walk around / observe the workplace

Ask employees about any problems they encounter at the workplace

Check manufacturer instructions

Review previous inspections, maintenance records, log books, incident and injury records etc

Consider long-term hazards to health

Contact relevant bodies to assists in identifying hazards

Successfully identifying the hazard is an introductory

step that sets the stage for effective risk management

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Step 1: Identify the hazards
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

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Step 2: Identify who might be harmed
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Distinguish between worker and passer-by (i.e. people who might not permanently be in the
workplace)

Consider seniority of the employees and nature of work (new employee might have tailored risk
requirements compared to more expert employee)

Consider the safety of the general public around the workplace

Establish effective communication channels between parallel work-streams (if any)

Identifying people at risk ensures short- and long-term

safety in the workplace

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Step 2: Identify who might be harmed
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

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Step 3: Assess / Evaluate the risk
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Look at existing activities, the nature of work and whether control measures are working

Assess risk by severity of harm and level of exposure to employee

Conduct a detailed risk assessment to evaluate the likelihood of the hazard causing harm, injury,
damage, etc

Consider level of training given to employees and their expertise during the handling of equipment

Consider if anything else can be done to mitigate the risk

Results of the risk assessments should be made

available to all employees

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Step 3: Assess / Evaluate the risk
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

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Step 4: Take action to control the risk
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Try a less risky option whenever possible

Try to prevent access to potential hazard

Organize work to reduce exposure to the hazard

Use personal protective equipment

Provide welfare facilities, for instance first aid and washing facilities for removal of contamination

Involve and consult with employees to ensure that what you propose to do will work in practice and
won't introduce any new hazards
Failure to take simple precautions can cost you a lot more if
an accident does happen.
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Step 4: Take action to control the risk
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

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Step 5: Record and implement
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Keep it simple when writing down the results to ensure that the finding is easily understandable

Indicate who might be affected and how

Ensure that the record is comprehensive i.e. that you take into account a broad range of significant
hazards to be anticipated

Identify precautions measures already in place

If the risk assessment identifies a number of hazards, put them in order of importance and address
the most serious risks first, such as those risks most likely to cause accidents or ill health

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Step 5: Record and implement
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Identify necessary steps to be taken to control the risks

Determine whether there are improvements that can be implemented quickly, even temporarily, until
more reliable controls can be put in place

Involve your employees or their representatives in the process and raise awareness about OSH
related topics

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Step 5: Record and implement
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

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Step 6: Regularly review risk assessment and update if necessary
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

Identify whether there have been any significant changes

Identify any improvements still needed to be made

Check with employees whether they have spotted any problems

Identify lessons learnt from previous accidents or near misses

Distribute and explain results to all relevant employees in the workplace

Make sure your risk assessment stays up to date

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Step 6: Regularly review risk assessment and update if necessary
Step 6:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Regularly review
Identify the Identify who might Assess / Evaluate Take action to Record and risk assessment
hazards be harmed the risk control the risk implement and update if
necessary

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Risk Assessment Steps
• Step 1: Identify the hazards
• Step 2: Identify who might be harmed
• Step 3: Assess / Evaluate the risk
• Step 4: Take action to control the risk
• Step 5: Record and implement
• Step 6: Regularly review risk assessment and update if necessary

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Risk, Severity & Likelihood
• Severity is the amount of damage or harm a hazard could create and it is often ranked on a five-point scale
– Catastrophic / Severe – 5: can result in serious injuries or illnesses resulting in a fatality
– Major – 4: can cause injuries or illnesses that will require hospitalization or are certain to be fatal
– Moderate / Significant – 3: can cause injuries or illnesses that may require hospitalization or could be
fatal
– Minor – 2: can potentially cause injuries or illnesses, but only to a mild extent
– Insignificant / Superficial – 1: won’t cause serious issues like injuries or illnesses
• Probability is the likelihood of the hazard occurring and it is often ranked on a five-point scale
– Very Likely to happen / Frequent – 5: Likely to occur often in the life of an item
– Likely to happen / Probable – 4: Will occur several times in the life of an item
– Possible Could happen / Occasional – 3: Likely to occur sometime in the life of an item
– Unlikely to happen / Remote – 2: Unlikely but possible to occur in the life of an item
– Very unlikely to happen / Improbable – 1: So unlikely, it can be assumed an occurrence may not be
experienced

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Risk Matrix Risk = Likelihood x Severity

• Likelihood is the probability that something might happen

• Consequence is defined as the most probable result of the potential incident
Likelihood

Very likely to Likely to Possibly Unlikely to Very unlikely

happen happen could happen happen to happen

Catastrophic (e.g., fatal) Critical Critical High Moderate Moderate

Consequence / Severity

Major (e.g., permanent

Critical High Moderate Moderate Low
disability)
Moderate (e.g., Hospitalization
High Moderate Moderate Moderate Low
/ short - or long -term disability

Minor (e.g., first aid) Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Very Low

Superficial (e.g., no treatment

Moderate Low Low Very Low Very Low
required)

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Risk Assessment Template
Who might What are you What further action Who needs When is the
What are the be harmed already doing do you need to
hazards? and how? to control the take to control the to carry out
the action?
action
needed by?
Done
risks? risks?

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Risk Assessment Template

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Example Risk Assessment For Maintenance Work In a Factory

• Slips and trips

• Workplace transport
• Moving heavy objects
• Sharpening tools
• Working at
• Height
• Manual handling
• Noise
• Electricity
• Confined spaces
• Fire

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Example Risk Assessment For An Office
• Sprains and strains
• Poor workstation ergonomics
• Indoor air-quality problems
• Insufficient or excessive lighting
• Noise
• Electrical hazards
• Slips and trips
• Stress
• Manual handling of equipment

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Example Risk Assessment For Motor Vehicle Repair Workshop

• Hazardous substances
• Car engine running inside, toxic exhaust fumes, e.g., carbon monoxide
• Fire – Petrol and LPG fires
• Battery charging
• Electrical equipment – Portable appliances, e.g., hand lamps
• Mechanical equipment – Use of grinding equipment
• Falling objects – Car lift failure or car jack failure
• Compressed air – Explosion of equipment tires
• Vehicle movements

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THANK YOU