FUNDAMENTALS OF

CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION AND
INTELLIGENCE
RISON DULAY DANDO
APPLICANT
 OBJECTIVES

•Determine the truth about a crime.

•Identify and apprehend the suspects.
•Gather enough evidence to prove or
disprove an allegation, suspicion or
another issue.
 CRIMINAL
May be defined in three different views:
CRIMINOLOGICAL SENSE A person may be considered as a criminal
from the time he or she committed the crime regardless whether or not it
has been reported to the police for investigation.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SENSE A criminal may be defined as one who has

undergone the process and went through all the pillars of the Criminal
Justice System.

LEGAL SENSE A person may be considered a criminal only upon

undergoing in the Judicial process and upon determination by the court that
he or she is guilty beyond reasonable doubt.
 INVESTIGATION
• Literally means the act or process of careful inquiry or
research; and defined by Webster’s as the systematic
examination of some scientific detail or question whether by
experiment or mathematical treatment.
• Origin of the word:
Latin word: “Investigare/Vestigare or Investigatus” which
means to trace or track. “Vestigium” which means
footprint “Investigationem” which means searching for

• Old French: “Investigacion” which means a searching into

 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
• It is an art or science (as well) which deals with the identity and location of the
offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings.
ART
- According to Hans Gross, Criminal investigation is 95% PERSPIRATION, 3%
INSPIRATION, 2% LUCK
SCIENCE
• Criminal Investigation is a SCIENCE because it is based on adequate
preparation and abundance of certain qualities
• Involves the systematic process of identifying, collecting, preserving, and
evaluating information for purposes of bringing a criminal offender to justice.
• It is the collection of facts to accomplish the threefold aims: Identify the guilty
party; Locate the guilty party; and Provide evidence of his guilt.
 CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
He is the skilled person who is charged
with the duty of conducting criminal
investigation when a crime is committed.
PRIMARY JOB OF AN INVESTIGATOR

• The primary job of the investigator is to

discover whether or not an offense has
been committed under the law, after
determining what specific offense has been
committed, he must discover how it was
committed, by whom, where it was
committed, when and why it was committed.
 SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF
INVESTIGATION
WHAT Specific offense has been Nature of Crime
committed?
WHERE Crime was committed? Place or Location

WHEN It was committed? Time and Date

WHOM It was committed? Person/s Involved

WHY It was committed? Reason or motive of

Committing the crime
HOW It was committed? Manner, method or modus
operandi
 PHASES OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
• PHASE I
IDENTIFY THE SUSPECT
• PHASE II
LOCATE AND APPREHEND THE SUSPECT/S
• PHASE III
GATHER AND PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO
ESTABLISH THE GUILT OF THE ACCUSED
 PHASE I: IDENTIFY THE SUSPECT
THE FOUR METHODS OF INDENTIFYING THE
CRIMINALS
1. BY CONFESSION OR ADMISSION
2. BY ACCOUNTS OR TESTIMONIES OF WITNESSES
(EYEWITNESS)
3. BY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
4. BY ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
 CONFESSION AND ADMISSION
CONFESSION – It is the direct acknowledgement of
guilt arising from the commission of a crime. A
statement of the suspect directly acknowledging his
guilt.
ADMISSION – A self-incriminatory statement by the
subject falling short of an acknowledgment of guilt. It
is the acknowledgement of fact or circumstance
without accepting guilt.
 TYPES OF CONFESSION
1. Judicial Confession – made by the
suspect/accused in open court.
2. Extra-Judicial Confession – made by the
suspect during custodial investigation this
must be supported by evidence of “Corpus
Delicti”
 KINDS OF EXTRA-JUDICIAL
CONFESSION
VOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION - The
confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his free
will and accord, without inducement of any kind, with a full
and complete knowledge of the nature and the consequence of
the confession.

INVOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION -

Confessions obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress
or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
 ACCOUNTS OR TESTIMONIES OF
WITNESSES (EYE WITNESS)
• Kinds of Criminals Identified by Witnesses:
• a. Known Criminals (Fugitive) These are
criminals whose pictures are available from
police files and records.
• b. Unknown Criminals (Fugitive) These are
criminals whose identification are furnished by
eyewitness only.
 Methods of Identification by witness
• a. Portrait Parle (Verbal description) - French word of “speaking
likeness”, depends on the ability of the witness to observe,
describe and compare.
• b. Rogues Gallery - the use of photographic files, successful if
there is an existing photograph of the suspect on police files.
• c. General Photograph - variety of facial types showing
different features of the face is presented to the witness by the
investigator.
• d. Artist/Cartographic sketch- the witness and prober develop a
picture of the criminal with the help of skilled cartographer.
(Composite Criminal Illustration)
 PROCEDURES OF IDENTIFICATION
BY EYEWITNESSES:
• A. PHYSICAL LINE-UP/POLICE LINE-UP Is a means of
selecting a suspect mixed with a group of innocent persons
usually composed of seven to ten persons. The purpose of
line-up is to eliminate the power of suggestion.

• B. PHYSICAL SHOW-UP Only one person is shown to the

witness usually at the scene of the crime and made
immediately after the arrest of the suspect
PHYSICAL LINE-UP/POLICE LINE-UP
 CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
• Facts or circumstances from which, either alone or in connection
with other facts, the identity of the person can be inferred.

• What must be inferred to prove identity by circumstantial

evidence?
• Motive – is what induces the criminal to act
• Intent – is the result or accomplishment of the act
• Opportunity – is the physical possibility that the suspect could
have committed the crime.
 ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
• Physical evidence which may identify the criminal by
means of clues, personal properties, or characteristics
patterns of procedure deduced from the arrangement of
objects at the crime scene. The offender may leave some
clues at the scene, such as weapons, tools, garments,
fingerprints, foot impressions etc.
• Crimes of violence may leave evidence of physical
struggle.
 MODUS OPERANDI
• Is the method of operation by a specific criminal or criminal
syndicate. It is a distinct pattern of how a crime is committed
and is established by a series of crimes under one
classification. The modus operandi of one criminal is distinct
and different from the other. It is a criminal trademark, logo
or brand name.
 PHASE II – LOCATE THE SUSPECT
SURVEILLANCE - Is the secret/discreet/clandestine observation of persons,
places, and vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the
identities or activities of the subject.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
1. TAILING/SHADOWING - Observation of person and movement
2. CASING/RECONNAISSANCE - Is the surveillance of building, place or
area to determine its suitability and vulnerability in operations.
3. UNDERCOVER OPERATION/ROPING - Is a form of investigation in
which the investigator assumes a different and unofficial identity in order to
obtain information
• SURVEILLANT – is the person who maintains the surveillance or performs
the observation.
• SUBJECT – the person or place being watched or surveyed.
 PHASE III - GATHER AND PROVIDE
EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH THE GUILT OF
THE ACCUSED
• Physical Evidence
- Any object found at the crime scene.
• Testimonial Evidence
- Testimony from victim or witness
• Documentary Evidence
- Records
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY
CRIMINALS
• CORPUS DELICTI– is the body of the crime or fact of
specific loss or injury sustained. It constitutes the essential
parts or elements in the commission of the crime.
• ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE – these are the pieces of
evidence that will link the suspect to the crime scene.
• TRACING EVIDENCE – articles which assist the
investigator in locating the criminal.
Three important factors to be considered before a
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE may be introduced to
court:
1. The article must be properly identified
2. Continuity or chain of custody must be proved
3. Competency must be proved, that the evidence is
MATERIAL AND RELEVANT (Rules on
admissibility)
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY

• It is the number of persons who handled and

possessed the pieces of evidence the
moment they were collected, marked and
tagged, up to the time of the final disposition
of the case.
 - END -
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 EVALUATION
1. It deals with the identity, location and arrest of a person who commits a
crime and simultaneously identify, collect, preserve, and evaluate evidence
for the purpose of bringing criminal offender to justice.
a. Investigation b. Investigative process
c. Criminal investigation d. Criminal inquest
2. What specific offence has been committed? Who committed it? When
was it committed? Where was it committed? Why was it committed? And
how it was committed? This are called_______________________ of
criminal investigation.
a. Cardinal Points b. Golden Rule
c. Three I’s d. Bridges burn
3. One of the stages of criminal investigation is the identification of
criminals, which can be done in any or a combination of the following,
except:
a. By confession or admission by the criminal b. By corpus delicti
c. By circumstantial evidence d. By eyewitness

4. Coerced and uncounseled statements are considered involuntary or

forced confession which are usually a/an:
a. Judicial b. Prosecutorial
c. Extra judicial d. Admission
5. It refers to the photographs of criminals available in the police station
that are shown to a witness for possible identification.
A. Criminals Report B. Prisoner’s Record
C. Rogue’s Gallery D. Suspects’ File