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Understanding Opium: Uses and Effects

Opium is a dried juice from the unripe capsules of the white poppy, containing various alkaloids such as morphine and codeine, which have narcotic properties. It acts on the central nervous system, leading to stages of excitement, depression, and narcosis, with a fatal dose being around 2 grams. Treatment for opium overdose includes stomach wash, naloxone administration, and supportive care, while its medicolegal aspects highlight its use in suicides and accidental poisonings.

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197 views29 pages

Understanding Opium: Uses and Effects

Opium is a dried juice from the unripe capsules of the white poppy, containing various alkaloids such as morphine and codeine, which have narcotic properties. It acts on the central nervous system, leading to stages of excitement, depression, and narcosis, with a fatal dose being around 2 grams. Treatment for opium overdose includes stomach wash, naloxone administration, and supportive care, while its medicolegal aspects highlight its use in suicides and accidental poisonings.

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Haala
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OPIUM OR AFIM

 Dried juice obtained by incision


of the unripe capsules of the
white poppy head
PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM.

 Brown black color

 ALKALOIDS
PENANTHRENE
ISOQUINOLONE
PHENANTHRENE
DERIVATIVES:
 Are those derivatives to which the
narcotic properties of opium are due,
 Morphine about 10%
 Codeine about 0.5%
 Thebaine about 0.3%
 Dionin ( ethyl morphine)
 Heroin ( diacetylmorphine)
ISOQUINOLONES
 These derivatives have mild analgesic
action but no narcotic action.
 Papaverine 1%
 Narcotine 6%
SYNTHETIC & SEMI
SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES
 The term “OPIATE” refers to
 natural and semisynthetic derivatives
 The term “OPIOID” is
 a more inclusive term applying to all
agonists and antagonists
 with morphine-like activity
SYNTHETIC & SEMI
SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES
 Examples of derivatives include
 Alfentanil hydrochloride
 Alphaprodine
 Anileridine hydrochloride
 Diprenorphine
 Ethoheptazine,
MODE OF ACTION
 TYPES OF RECEPTORS:
 Mu
 Delta
 Kappa
 Sigmoid
 Epsilon
 Zeta
RECEPTORS
MU & DELTA:

 Controls mood
 Respiration
 Endocrinal changes
 Pain: spinal & supra spinal by delta
 GIT
 B.P
KAPPA
 CONTROLS:
 Dysphoria
 Endocrinal
 analgesia
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
 Opium acts on the CNS causing first
stimulation & followed by depression &
lastly the narcosis.
1. STAGE OF EXCITEMENT

 Euphoria
 Pleasurable mental excitement
 Laughter
 Hallucination
 Rapid heart rate
 Convulsion which are seen in children.
STAGE OF SOPOR
DEPRESSION):-
 Sopor means profound & deep sleep. it is
due to depression
 Weariness
 Headache
 Giddiness
 Sensation of the limb being heavy.
 Face & lips are cyanosed.
STAGE OF NARCOSIS
( COMA):
 Pin point pupils
 Deep sleep
 Muscles are relaxed
 Reflexes are abolished
 Low blood pressure
 Pulse weak & slow
 Cold skin
 Excessive sweating
 Cyanosis
 Froth escapes from mouth
 Fatal Dose:
 Opium 2gms is fatal.
 10ml of tincture of opium is regarded as a
dangerous dose.
 The fatal dose of tincture of opium recorded
in children varies from 1-3 drops.
 Fatal Period:
 The usual fatal period is about 9 to 12 hours.
Treatment
 Stomach wash with potassium per magnate.
 Maintain body warmth
 Nalaxone 0.4-0.8 mg i/v or nalorphine
 Glucose drip i/v
 Oxygen
 Artificial respiration
 Stimulants such as adrenalline or coramine
may be given.
Postmortem Appearance
 External
 Look for injection marks on arms, elbows
(inner aspect), forearms, neck, etc.
 Tattoo marks (commonly indulged in by drug
abusers)
 Cyanosis, froth at mouth and nostrils
 Characteristic smell around the mouth
(crude opium).
 Emaciated appearance of dead body.
 INTERNAL
 Congestion and edema of lungs
 Cerebral edema
 Congestion of liver
 Chemical analysis of the lymph nodes may
reveal presence of morphine.
 Samples of blood, urine, brain, liver and bile
must always be preserved for chemical
analysis.
Medicolegal aspects:
 Opium, it is the poison of choice for suicidal
purposes.

 It is rarely used for homicidal purposes.

 It is sometimes used for infanticide.

 Death has resulted from the breast feeding of


an infant by a woman who had smeared her
nipple with tincture of opium.
 Accident poisoning may occur from drugging of
infants and children to keep them quiet or from
overdose of a medicinal preparation.

 Sometimes, opium is used to steady the


nerves before doing some bold act, eg,
homicide.

 It is rarely used for doping race horses and as


a cattle poison.
 Opium and its preparations cause
addiction, of which, heroin (diacetyl
morphine), an artificial alkaloid derived
from morphine, is the most dangerous.

 Brown sugar is crude heroin.


Thank You

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