ENERGETICS
Exothermic Reactions
• A reaction that gives out heat to the
surroundings and causes a temperature rise
is called an exothermic reaction.
• In exothermic reactions,the products have
less energy than the reactants.
• The chemical energy stored in the bonds is
converted to heat energy and released to the
surroundings causing the temperature to rise.
Examples of Exothermic Reactions
Combustion Metals and Neutralisation Displacement
reactions acids reactions reactions
Endothermic reactions
• A reaction that takes in heat from the surroundings
and causes a temperature decrease is called and
endothermic reaction.
• In endothermic reactions,the products of the
reaction have more energy than the reactants.
• Heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings and
converted to chemical energy stored in chemical
bonds causing the temperature to go down.
Thermal decomposition
Examples
of Chemical cold packs
endother
mic Dissolving ammonium chloride in
reactions water
Photosynthesis
Enthalpy changes
• The enthalpy change of a reaction is the amount of
heat energy taken in or given out.
• It is calculated as the difference between the energy
of the products and the energy of the reactants.
• If ΔH is negative , the reaction is exothermic
• If ΔH is positive, the reaction is endothermic.
Specific heat capacity
• The specific heat capacity of a substance is the
amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1g by 1 degree Celsius.
• It has the units Joules per gram per degree
Celsius.
• The specific heat capacity of water is 4.8 J/g/oC
Calculating Heat
Energy Changes
• The amount of heat energy (Q) released is directly
proportional to the mass (m) and temperature change
(T) of the substance.
• Heat energy is therefore calculated using the following
equation:
• Heat energy change = mass x specific heat capacity x
temperature change
Q = mc Δ T
Enthalpy of
Combustion - Practical
• This experiment uses a spirit burner to
burn an alcohol.
• The heat energy released is used to heat
water in a copper can surrounded by
insulation.
• The water is heated for a reasonable
temperature change (approx. 40 C)
• Q can then be calculated.
Equation :
Enthalpy of combustion - Calculation
Q = mc ΔT Number of moles = m /Mr
Δ H = Q/n
Q = 4.18 x 100 x 41.3 n = 0.78 / 46 ΔH=
17.260/0.01696
Q = 17260 J n= 0.01696 moles
Δ H = -1020kJ/mol
Q = - 17.260 kJ
Enthalpy of combustion – Sources of
error
• The typical value for the combustion of ethanol is –
1370kJ/mol.
• The experimental value obtained is less exothermic
than expected therefore appears to give out less heat.
• Possible sources of errors in this experiment are :
Heat loss to the surrounding due to lack of insulation.
Incomplete combustion
• Using a bomb calorimeter can reduce these errors as
the substance burns in pure oxygen guaranteeing
complete combustion and all the heat is transferred to
the water.
Enthalpy of displacement
- Practical
• This experiment reacts a metal with a
solution of a less reactive metal (e.g.
zinc and copper II sulfate).
• The solution should be stirred when
the metal powder is added and the
maximum temperature reached is
recorded.
• Equation :
Enthalpy of displacement -
calculation
• Q = mc Δ T Moles = m/Mr ΔH =Q/n
Q = 4.18 x 50 x 10.3 n=1.20/65 ΔH
=2.1527/0.0185
Q = 2152.7 J n=0.0185moles ΔH=-215kJ/mol
Q = -2.1527 kJ
The negative sign shows that this reaction is …………………….
Enthalpy of Solution -
Practical
• This experiment involves a salt dissolving
in water.
• A known mass of the salt is weighed out
and added to water.
• The minimum temperature reached by
this reaction is recorded.
• Equation:
Enthalpy of Solution - Calculation
•
Q = mc T n=m/Mr ΔH = Q/n
Q = 4.18 x 100 x 3.2 n=5.20/53.5 ΔH
=…………../…………..
Q = …………….. n= ………….. ΔH =
………………. kJ/mol
Q= ………………
The positive sign shows that this reaction is
………………………….. .
Enthalpy of Neutralisation -
Practical
• This experiment involves the reaction between
an acid and an alkali to form a salt and water.
• This is a little more complex than the other
enthalpies as a graph must be plotted to
determine the temperature change.
• Equation:
• This reaction is exothermic but the
temperature increases then decreases.
• We need to plot a graph of volume against
temperature change and then draw a line of
best fit to determine the maximum
temperature reached.
Enthalpy of neutralization -
Calculation
• Q = mc T n= cxv ΔH = Q/n
• Q=……x.....x….. n= 2 x 0.025 ΔH
=…………/……….
• Q=………….J n= …………. ΔH = -
……………kJ/mol
• Q=………..kJ
Enthalpy Calculations Assumptions
• The density of the solution beaing heated is the same
as water,so that 1cm3 of the solution is 1g.
• The specific heat capacity of the mixture is the same as
that of water (4.18 or 4.2).
• The mass of the solid added to the water is too small
and is therefore negligible.
