DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURES

Dr. PRADEEP A R
Asst Professor
Department of Civil
Engg SSIT Tumkur
 1. What are steel structures
• In steel structures, structural steel is the main load
carrying material to transfer the load within them
and to transfer load to the ground
• Ex: - I-Beam, Tee -section, C- Channel section, I-
section, Steel plate etc..,
• Steel concrete composite structures are also used in
high-rise buildings but we are only going to study
about steel structures

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur

[Link] Steel structures
• Roof truss in factories Industrial buildings,
cinema halls, railways etc.,
• Crane girders, columns, beams
• Plate girders, bridges
• Transmission towers, water tank, chimney
etc.,

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tumkur
Old Arch STEEL Bridge

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Framed Building

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tumkur
Framed Building

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tumkur
Industrial Building

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Industrial Building

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tumkur
Truss Bridge

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Suspension Bridge

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tumkur
Cable Stayed Bridge

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tumkur
 2. Advantages & Dis advantages
Advantages
• High comp. & tensile strength per unit weight hence low construction
weight, saves space
• Good aesthetic view
• Good quality and durability
• Very high speed of construction
• Reusability and scrap value – env. Friendly
• Better solution to cover large span and tall structures

Disadvantages
• Highcost – Initial
• Corrosion
• Low fire resistance

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur

 3. Steel
Steel making
• First iron is extracted from iron ores like haematite,
limestone, magnetite in furnace
• Oxygen is passed through molten iron to remove carbon
and impurities to make steel.
• Magnese is added to strengthen the steel
• Adding chrome, nickel, phosphorous can impart
special properties in steel
• Semi finished products from the machine is hot rolled
to different sections like bars, plates, angles, sections
etc..,
PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT
tumkur
• Adding carbon increases the tensile strength and
hardness but lowers ductility and toughness
• In building we use structural steel which has low
carbon of upto 0.1% to have ductility and yield.

[Link] of Steel
• Physical properties (IS800:2.2.4)
1. ρ = 7850 kg/m3 = 78.5kN/m3
2. E = 2x105 N/mm2
3. Poison ratio µ = 0.3

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Mechanical properties
Type l Design- UTS Yield strength (Mpa)
ation (MPa) Thickness (mm)
<20 20-40 >40

Standard Fe 410A 410 250 240 230

structural
steel Fe 410B 410 250 240 230
Fe 410C 410 250 240 230
High tensile St58HT 580 360 0.05 1.00
structural
steel ST55-HTW 550 360 .05 1.00

GRADE
FE 410 A W WELDABLE
ULTIMATE TENSILE
IRON
STRENGT
H
PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur
Ductility
• Ability of material to change its shape without fracture Mild steel–
high ductility
• High carbon steel – low ductility
Toughness & brittle fracture
• Ability of material to resist (absorb) impact load like earthquake load, machine
load etc..,
• Requires both strength and ductility
• At low temp. steel fails on impact loading due to reduction in ductility
and toughness called brittle fracture
Temperature
At high temp strength reduces
Corrosion
Steel corrodes in moist air, sea water and acid. Adopt Painting, metallic
coating, plastic coating, using corrosion resistant steel to resist corrosion

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur

 Hardness
• Resistance of the material to intentions and scratching
• Brinell harness, rockwell hardness number are used to
measure hardness
Fatigue
• Damage of material to cyclic loading
• Occurs due to moving loads, vibration in bridge
Residual stress
• Latent stress present in the steel sections due to uneven
heating and cooling during steel making
Stress concentration
• Under loading, stress is concentrated at places at abrubt
change in geomentry like holes bolts

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur

5. STEEL SECTIONS

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tumkur
 Steel sections
• Steel is rolled to a required shape during
fabrication.
• Commonly available
– I section –I
– Tee section –T
– Channel sections
– Angle sections – L
- Steel bars , Tubes, Plates, Sheets, Strips

Refer structural engg handbook or steel table for

sectional details

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Common Steel members

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tumkur
 Rolled steel I - section
• ISJB – Indian standard junior beam
• ISLB – “ Light beam
• ISMB - “ Medium beam
• ISWB - “ Wide flange beam
• ISHB - “ Heavy beam

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 Rolled steel I - section
• Example = ISMB 500 & 0.852 kN/m
Depth

Weight per Unit length

500 mm

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PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur
Beam – Column construction

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Rolled steel Channel - section
• ISLC, ISMC, ISLC, ISSC
• (Indian standard special section)
• Example ISMC 300 & 0.351 kN/m

300 mm

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PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur
 Rolled Steel Angle section
• ISA Equal angle – ISA 150 x 150 x 12
• ISA unequal angle – ISA 150 x 115 x 12
Thickness

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur
 Rolled Tee- section
• ISNT – Indian standard Normal beam
• ISHT – “ Heavy T beam
• ISLT - special legged T beam
• ISLT - d beam
Light

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tumkur
 Other Sections
• Steel bars
– ISRO – Round bars
– ISSQ – Square bars

• Steel Tubes

• Steel plates

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Braced frame Moment resisting frame Core and suspended floors

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur

 Tapered portal Lattice girder Pylon

Knee brace Cable stayed bridge Suspension bridge

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur

 Choice of sections
• Governed by sectional properties and
availability
• Popular in India – ISMB, ISMC, equal
angles
• Channels are used in purlins, Tee and angles in
truss, I section in beam and column
Other forms of sections
Built-up, stepped, wide flange, hybrid, cold
formed (formed from light gauge steel strips)

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT tumkur

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur
 6. Loads on Structures
• DL = Dead load – self weight and perm load (IS875 - part 1)

• LL = Live load - changes from time to time – person ,furniture

etc.., ( part 2)

• WL = Wind load – IS875 part 3

• AL = IS875 part 5
• EL = Earthquake load – IS1893

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur

 Design philosophy
Working Stress method
– Stress at which the material starts to yield is taken as
permissible stress of the section. All sections are designed
not to exceed the permissible stress
Permissible stress = Yield stress / F.O.S
– Since steel can resist load after yield point, following this
principle results in bulky, uneconomical sections

Ultimate Load method (plastic design method)

– Permissible load is a load when all the fiber in the steel is
yielded
– This method does not ensure serviceability
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• Limit State Method (IS 800 : 2007)
– It takes both strength and serviceability to account

– Limit state of Serviceability

• Minimum deformation, deflection, crack, vibration,
corrosion to ensure aesthetic view, functionability and
safety to partitions etc.,

– Limit state of strength

• Structure should be stable and not collapse under load

γf = partial safety factor for load (table 4)

γm = partial safety factor for material (table 5)

PRADEEP A R Asst prof SSIT Tumkur