Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

Part III
Viscous Flow
 Equations of Motion
The resultant force acting on a fluid element must equal the mass times the
acceleration of the element

Equations of motion

 xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
 gx      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
    v v v v 
 g y  xy  yy  zy    u  v  w 
x y z  t x y z 
    w w w w 
 g z  xz  yz  zz   u v w 
x y z  t x y z 

These are the general differential equations of motion for a fluid. They apply for any
continuum (solid of fluid) in motion or at rest

There are more unknowns than equations. Some additional information of stresses must be
obtained
 Viscous Flow
Stress-Deformation relationships
For incompressible Newtonian fluids, stresses are linearly related to the
rate of deformation

 u v 
u  xy  yx    
 xx  p  2  y x 
x
v  v w 
 yy  p  2  yz  zy    
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz  p  2  zx  xz    
z  x z 

1
p 
3
 xx   yy   zz 

cylindrical polar coordinates

 Stress-Deformation relationships (incompressible flow)
u  u v 
 xx  p  2   xy  yx    
x  y x 
v  v w 
 yy  p  2  yz  zy    
y  z y 
w  w u 
 zz  p  2   zx  xz    
z  x z 

Equation of motion (x-axis)

 xx  yx  zx  u u u u 
 gx      u v w 
x y z  t x y z 
    v v v v 
 g y  xy  yy  zy    u  v  w 
Navier-Stokes Equationx (x-axis)
y z  t x y z 
Equations ofmotion
 xz  yz  zz  w w w w 
 gz      u  v 2  w2  2
 u u u u  p  u  u  u
   u x  v y  w z    t  g xx   y2  2 z 2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2 v 2 v 2 v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y  z   y  x y z 
Equations of motion
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
 Viscous Flow
Navier-Stokes Equations

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2 v 2 v 2 v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

The Navier-Stokes equations are the basic differential equations describing the
flow of incompressible Newtonian fluids

notes cylindrical polar coordinates

Steady Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates
Re 1400
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2 v 2 v 2 v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Reduced equations
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2 v 2 v 2 v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Reduced equations
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2 v 2 v 2 v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

p   2u 
Reduced equations 0   2 
x  y 
p
0   g
y
p
0 
z
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure variation
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

Velocity

notes
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
  y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic u
2  x 
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
  y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic u
2  x 

Volume flow rate

 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
  y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic u
2  x 

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q   
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
  y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic u
2  x 

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q   
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

Pressure varies hydrostatically in y direction p   gy  f1  x 

1  p  2
  y  h 
2
Velocity profile is parabolic u
2  x 

2h3  p 
Volume flow rate q   
3  x 
(per unit width in z direction)

p  p 
With p – pressure drop,   
l  x 
2h3 p
q
volume flow rate 3 l
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q
Mean velocity V 
2h
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3 l
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3 l

Maximum velocity (y = 0)
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3 l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3 l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2

 p 
Pressure variation with f1  x    x  p0
 x 
 Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

q h 2 p
Mean velocity V 
2h 3 l

h 2  p  3
Maximum velocity (y = 0) umax    V
2   x  2

 p 
Pressure variation p   gy    x  p0
 x 
1. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates. Determine, by
use of the Navier–Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and
uniform.

2. A fluid of density ρ flows steadily downward between the two vertical, infinite, parallel plates
shown in the figure for Problem above. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the
Navier–Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.

notes
1. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates. Determine, by
use of the Navier–Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and
uniform.
 u u u u  p   2 u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     gx    2  2  2 
 t x y  z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2v  2v  2v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

2. A fluid of density ρ flows steadily downward between the two vertical, infinite, parallel plates
shown in the figure for Problem above. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the
Navier–Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.

notes
1. A viscous, incompressible fluid flows between the two infinite, vertical, parallel plates. Determine, by
use of the Navier–Stokes equations, an expression for the pressure gradient in the direction of flow.
Express your answer in terms of the mean velocity. Assume that the flow is laminar, steady, and
uniform.
p 3V notes
Answer  3   g
y h

2. A fluid of density ρ flows steadily downward between the two vertical, infinite, parallel plates
shown in the figure for Problem above. The flow is fully developed and laminar. Make use of the
Navier–Stokes equation to determine the relationship between the discharge and the other
parameters involved, for the case in which the change in pressure along the channel is zero.
Couette Flow
Couette Flow
Steady Laminar
Flow Between
Fixed Parallel
Plates

 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
   u  v  w     gx    2  2  2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p  2 v 2 v 2 v 
   u  v  w    gy    2  2  2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w w  p  2 w 2 w 2 w 
 u v w     gz    2  2  2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Reduced equations p   2u 
0   2 
x  y 
p
0   g
y
p
0 
z
Couette Flow
 Couette Flow
y 1  p  2 u y b 2  p   y   y
u U     y  by  or in dimensionless form      1  
b 2   x  U b 2 U  x   b   b 

b 2  p 
P   
2 U  x 
Flow in the Narrow Gap of a Journal Bearing

If r0  ri ri

then U ri , b r0  ri

ri
and  
r0  ri
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   v r  v r 1  2v r 2 v  2v r 
  vr    vz     gr    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r  r r  r  r r 
2
r  z 
 v v v v v v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  v 2 vr  v 
2 2
    vr      r   v z      g    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz v z  p  1   v z  1  2v z  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r  2
z 
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   v r  v r 1  2v r 2 v  2v r 
  vr    vz     gr    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r  r r  r  r r 
2
r  z 
 v v v v v v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  v 2 vr  v 
2 2
    vr      r   v z      g    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz v z  p  1   v z  1  2v z  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r  2
z 
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100
 vr vr v vr v2 vr  p  1   v r  v r 1  2v r 2 v  2v r 
  vr    vz     gr    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r  r r  r  r r 
2
r  z 
 v v v v v v v  1 p  1   v  v 1  v 2 vr  v 
2 2
    vr      r   v z      g    r  2  2  2  2
 t r r  r z  r   r r  r  r r  2
r  z 
 vz vz v vz v z  p  1   v z  1  2v z  2v z 
  vr   vz     gz    r  2  2
 t r r  z  z  r r  r  r  2
z 

p
Reduced equations 0   g sin   (1)
r
1 p
0   g cos   (2)
r 
p  1   v z  
0   r  (3)
z  r r  r  
Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100
p
Pressure variation 0   g sin   (1)
r
1 p
0   g cos   (2)
r 

p   g r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p   g r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

p  1   v z  
Velocity distribution 0   r  (3)
z  r r  r  
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p   g r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
  r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz 
4   z 

Volume flow rate

 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p   g r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
  r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz 
4   z 

Volume flow rate

 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p   g r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
  r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz 
4   z 

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q    or Q
8  z  8 l

Mean velocity
 Steady Laminar
Flow in Circular
Tubes
(Poiseuille Flow)

Re 2100

Pressure is hydrostatically distributed at any particular cross section

p   g r sin    f1  z  or p   gy  f1  z 

1  p  2
  r  R 
2
Velocity distribution is parabolic vz 
4   z 

 R 4  p   R 4 p
Volume flow rate Q    or Q
8  z  8 l

Q R 2 p R 2  p  R 2 p
Mean velocity V 2  Maximum velocity vmax    2V
R 8 l 4   z  4  l
 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus

Governing equations
p
0   g sin  
r
1 p
0   g cos  
r 
p  1   vz  
0    r 
z  r r  r  
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln r0 ri  r0 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q  vz 2 r  dr     r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln r0 ri  
 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q  vz 2 r  dr     r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln r0 ri  
 
p  4 4 r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln r0 ri  
 
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q  vz 2 r  dr     r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln r0 ri  
 
p  4 4 r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln r0 ri  
 
12
 r02  ri 2  vz
Maximum velocity occurs at rm   where 0
 2 ln r0 ri   r
 Steady, Axial,
Laminar Flow in
an Annulus

1  p   2 2 ri 2  r02 r
Velocity distribution vz     r  r0  ln 
4   z   ln r0 ri  r0 

  p   4 4  0 i  
r0
 r 2
 r 2
2

Volume flow rate Q  vz 2 r  dr     r0  ri 
ri 8  z  ln r0 ri  
 
p  4 4 r0  ri  
 2 2
2

in terms of the pressure drop Q  r0  ri 
8 l  ln r0 ri  
 
12
 r02  ri 2  vz
Maximum velocity occurs at rm   where 0
 2 ln r0 ri   r

4  cross-sectional area 4 r0  ri 

2 2

Hydraulic diameter Dh   2 r0  ri 

wetted perimeter 2 r0  ri 
End of viscous flow
lectures 
 Couette Flow

Simplest type of Couette flow is that with zero pressure gradient

y
u U
b