UNIT-2

BASICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing Basics:
Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to
create, configure, and customize applications via an internet connection. The
cloud technology includes a development platform, hard disk, software
application, and database.
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses
remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather
than local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images, documents,
audio, video, and more.
There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:
 Developing new applications and services
 Storage, back up, and recovery of data
 Hosting blogs and websites
 Delivery of software on demand
 Analysis of data
 Streaming videos and audios
Why Cloud Computing?
Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to
provide the IT infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a
Server Room that is the basic need of IT companies.
In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server,
networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second
means how much queries or load will be handled by the server), configurable
system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.
Cloud Computing Architecture
As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large
organizations to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere
at anytime using the internet connection.
Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented
architecture and event-driven architecture.
Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -
Front End
Back End
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:
1) Agility
The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares
resources among users and works very fast.
2) High availability and reliability
The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of
infrastructure failure are minimum.
3) High Scalability
Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale,
without having engineers for peak loads.
4) Multi-Sharing
With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work
more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.
5) Device and Location Independence
Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone,
etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and
accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
6) Maintenance
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need
to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different
places. So, it reduces the cost also.
7) Low Cost
By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services
of cloud computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-
as-per usage of resources.
8) Services in the pay-per-use mode
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that
they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges
as per the usage of services.
Desired features of Cloud Computing :
Cloud computing is becoming popular day by day. Continuous business
expansion and growth requires huge computational power and large-scale data
storage systems. Cloud computing can help organizations expand and securely
move data from physical locations to the 'cloud' that can be accessed anywhere.
Cloud computing has many features that make it one of the fastest growing
industries at present. The flexibility offered by cloud services in the form of
their growing set of tools and technologies has accelerated its deployment
across industries.
1. Resources Pooling
Resource pooling is one of the essential features of cloud computing. Resource
pooling means that a cloud service provider can share resources among
multiple clients, each providing a different set of services according to their
needs. It is a multi-client strategy that can be applied to data storage,
processing and bandwidth-delivered services. The administration process of
allocating resources in real-time does not conflict with the client's experience.
2. On-Demand Self-Service
It is one of the important and essential features of cloud computing. This
enables the client to continuously monitor server uptime, capabilities and
allocated network storage. This is a fundamental feature of cloud computing,
and a customer can also control the computing capabilities according to their
needs.
3. Easy Maintenance
This is one of the best cloud features. Servers are easily maintained, and
downtime is minimal or sometimes zero. Cloud computing powered resources
often undergo several updates to optimize their capabilities and potential.
Updates are more viable with devices and perform faster than previous
versions
4. Scalability And Rapid Elasticity
A key feature and advantage of cloud computing is its rapid scalability. This
cloud feature enables cost-effective handling of workloads that require a large
number of servers but only for a short period. Many customers have workloads
that can be run very cost-effectively due to the rapid scalability of cloud
computing.
5. Economical
This cloud feature helps in reducing the IT expenditure of the organizations. In
cloud computing, clients need to pay the administration for the space used by
them. There is no cover-up or additional charges that need to be paid.
Administration is economical, and more often than not, some space is allocated
for free.
6. Measured And Reporting Service
Reporting Services is one of the many cloud features that make it the best
choice for organizations. The measurement and reporting service is helpful for
both cloud providers and their customers. This enables both the provider and
the customer to monitor and report which services have been used and for what
purposes. It helps in monitoring billing and ensuring optimum utilization of
resources.
7. Security
Data security is one of the best features of cloud computing. Cloud services
make a copy of the stored data to prevent any kind of data loss. If one server
loses data by any chance, the copied version is restored from the other server.
This feature comes in handy when multiple users are working on a particular
file in real-time, and one file suddenly gets corrupted.
8. Automation
Automation is an essential feature of cloud computing. The ability of cloud
computing to automatically install, configure and maintain a cloud service is
known as automation in cloud computing. In simple words, it is the process of
making the most of the technology and minimizing the manual effort.
successful deployment, these resources also require constant maintenance.
9. Resilience
Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of a service to quickly recover
from any disruption. The resilience of a cloud is measured by how fast its
servers, databases and network systems restart and recover from any loss or
damage. Availability is another key feature of cloud computing. Since cloud
services can be accessed remotely, there are no geographic restrictions or limits
on the use of cloud resources.
10. Large Network Access
A big part of the cloud's characteristics is its ubiquity. The client can access
cloud data or transfer data to the cloud from any location with a device and
internet connection. These capabilities are available everywhere in the
organization and are achieved with the help of internet. Cloud providers deliver
that large network access by monitoring and guaranteeing measurements that
reflect how clients access cloud resources and data: latency, access times, data
throughput, and more.
Elasticity in Cloud:
Cloud Elasticity: Elasticity refers to the ability of a cloud to automatically
expand or compress the infrastructural resources on a sudden up and down in
the requirement so that the workload can be managed efficiently. This elasticity
helps to minimize infrastructural costs. This is not applicable for all kinds of
environments, it is helpful to address only those scenarios where the resource
requirements.
The versatility is vital for mission basic or business basic applications where
any split the difference in the exhibition may prompts enormous business
misfortune. Thus, flexibility comes into picture where extra assets are
provisioned for such application to meet the presentation prerequisites.
On demand provisioning:
Cloud Computing Applications
Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art,
business, data storage and backup services, education, entertainment,
management, social networking, etc.
The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below
1. Art Applications:
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and
easily design attractive cards, booklets, and images. Some
most commonly used cloud art applications are given below:
i Moo
Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for
designing and printing business cards, postcards, and mini cards.
ii. Vistaprint
Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing
products such as business cards, Postcards, Booklets, and
wedding invitations cards.
iii. Adobe Creative Cloud
Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers,
and other creative professionals. It is a suite of apps which
includes PhotoShop image editing programming, Illustrator,
InDesign, TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.
2. Business Applications
Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every
organization requires the cloud business application to grow their business. It
also ensures that business applications are 24*7 available to users.
i. MailChimp-MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides
various options to design, send, and save templates for emails.
ii. Salesforce-Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing,
e-commerce, and more. It also provides a cloud development platform.
iii.Chatter-Chatter helps us to share important information about the
organization in real time.
iv. Bitrix24-Bitrix24 is a collaboration platform which provides
communication, management, and social collaboration tools.
v. Paypal-Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using
a secure internet account..
vi. Slack-Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and
Knowledge. It provides a user-friendly interface that helps us to create public
and private channels for communication
vii. Quickbooks-Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise
anytime, anywhere, on any device."
3. Data Storage and Backup Applications
Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios,
and videos) on the cloud and access this information using an internet
connection.
i.Box.com-Box provides an online environment for secure content
management, workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store different
files such as Excel, Word, PDF, and images on the cloud. The main advantage
of using box is that it provides drag & drop service for files and easily
integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.
ii. Mozy-Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal
and business data. It schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific
time.
iii. Joukuu-Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-
based backup files. Many users use joukuu to search files, folders, and
collaborate on documents.
iv. Google G Suite
Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It
includes Google Calendar, Docs, Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud
storage and tools for managing cloud apps. The most popular app in the
Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail offers free email services to users.
4. Education Applications
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers
various online distance learning platforms and student information
portals to the students. The advantage of using cloud in the field of
education is that it offers strong virtual classroom environments, Ease of
accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach for the students,
and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.
i. Google Apps for Education
Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-
based email, calendar, documents, and collaborative study.
ii. Chromebooks for Education
Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects.
It is designed for the purpose that it enhances education innovation.
iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education
It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into
the classroom and make it available to their students.
iv. AWS in Education
AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities,
community colleges, and schools.
5. Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact
with the target audience. Cloud computing offers various
entertainment applications such as online games and video
conferencing.
i. Online games
Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important
entertainment media. It offers various online games that run
remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are
Shaow, GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation
Now.
ii. Video Conferencing Apps
Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected
experience. It allows us to communicate with our business
partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-based video
conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it
reduces cost, increases efficiency, and removes interoperability.
6. Management Applications
which help admins to manage all types of cloud activities, such as resource
deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery. These management tools
also provide administrative control over the platforms, applications, and
infrastructure.
i. Toggl
Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.
ii. Evernote
It is available for both free as well as a paid version.
It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.
iii. Outright
Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to
track income, expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.
iv. GoToMeeting
GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps,
which allows you to start a meeting with your business partners from
anytime, anywhere using mobile phones or tablets. Using GoToMeeting app,
you can perform the tasks related to the management such as join meetings in
seconds, view presentations on the shared screen, get alerts for upcoming
meetings, etc.
7. Social Applications
Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each
other using social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter,
Linkedln, etc.
There are the following cloud based social applications -
i. Facebook
Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share
files, photos, videos, status, more to their friends, relatives, and business
partners using the cloud storage system. On Facebook, we will always get
notifications when our friends like and comment on the posts.
ii. Twitter
Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows
users to follow high profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It
sends and receives short posts called tweets.
iii. Yammer
Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees
to chat, share images, documents, and videos.
iv. LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.
Benefits of Cloud Computing
The are many benefits to cloud computing. In addition to enhancing
businesses' profitability margins, cloud computing helps people manage their
businesses more efficiently, better serve their consumers, and manage their
businesses more efficiently. The following are benefits of cloud computing;
Cloud Components:
Client:
Data Center:
What is a Data Center?
A data center - also known as a data center or data center - is a facility made up
of networked computers, storage systems, and computing infrastructure that
businesses and other organizations use to organize, process, store large amounts
of data. And to broadcast. A business typically relies heavily on applications,
services, and data within a data center, making it a focal point and critical asset
for everyday operations.
Enterprise data centers increasingly incorporate cloud computing resources and
facilities to secure and protect in-house, onsite resources. As enterprises
increasingly turn to cloud computing, the boundaries between cloud providers'
data centers and enterprise data centers become less clear.
Why are data centers important?
Data centers support almost all enterprise computing, storage, and business
applications. a modern enterprise runs on computers, the data center is business.
Data centers enable organizations to concentrate their processing power, which
in turn enables the organization to focus its attention on:
IT and data processing personnel;
Computing and network connectivity infrastructure; And
Computing Facility Security.
Components of Data Centers?
Elements of a data center are generally divided into three categories:
Calculation
Enterprise data storage
Networking
A modern data center concentrates an organization's data systems in a well-
protected physical infrastructure, which includes:
Server
Storage subsystems
Networking switches, routers, and firewalls
Cabling And
Physical racks for organizing and interconnecting IT equipment
Datacenter Resources:
It demands a physical facility with physical security access controls and
sufficient square footage to hold the entire collection of infrastructure and
equipment.
Electrical switching
UPS
Backup generator
Distributed Servers:
Distributed cloud computing is the distribution of public cloud services
across multiple geographic locations. In distributed clouds, the operations and
governance—as well as updates—continue to remain under the purview of the
primary public cloud provider.
Distributed cloud computing takes the cloud computing model and distributes
it to different geographic locations in a connected manner. It creates an
execution environment where application components look at specific
geographical locations that are chosen based on application needs.
Locational:
To help enhance responsiveness and performance in delivery of
applications, particularly those where latency is critical and transferring
bulk data to a single cloud proves to be an expensive affair.
Regulatory:
There are some countries where regulations stipulate that data must not
leave the country. Distributed cloud computing helps in such cases.
Security and Control of Data:
To make sure that an enterprise has the ability to retain specific data and
processes in its private cloud, within its integrated public cloud.
Redundancy:
To provide redundancy that goes beyond local, regional, and national site
redundancy, which helps in mitigating large-scale outages.
Keep in mind that regardless of the use case, a distributed model implies
that applications need to be connected together across multiple computer
regions and domains. Therefore, integration must be a key component of a
distributed computing strategy.
Characterization of Distributed Systems:
Distributed Architectural Models:
Introduction to Architectural Model
Architectural Model is a type of system model in distributed system which
has various hardware and software architectures exist that are usually used
for distributed computing. Architectural Model deals with organization of
components across the network and their interrelationship.
This architectural model can be discussed at lower level and upper level. At
lower level architectural model interconnect multiple CPUs and at upper
level it interconnect processes running on those CPUs.
Types of Architectural Model
1. Client Server Model
2. Peer to Peer Model
Client Server Architectural Model
Client Server Model is the most popular and most widely used distributed
system architecture. Client Server architecture is also known as request-
response architecture. In this architectural model the client makes a request
to the server and the server will fulfill the response. Client and server roles
are assigned and changeable.
Advantages of Client Server Model
1. Centralized system where all the data can be stored in a single place.
2. Requires less maintenance cost and entire system is maintained by the
server.
3. Increases the speed of the resource sharing.
Disadvantages of Client Server Model
1. Prone to attacks like Denial of Service and viruses in the server.
2. In case of server failure the entire system will fail.
3. Spoofing and modification of data packets can be done during
transmission.
Peer to Peer Architectural Model
Unlike client-server model, Peer to Peer Model (P2P) does not distinguish
between client and server instead each node can either be a client or server
depending on whether the node is requesting or providing the services.
Advantages of P2P Model
1. Setup and maintenance of network is easy.
2. Cost efficient as each node in this model acts as a server.
3. Each node is independent of each other so if one node stops working it
won't affect other node.
Disadvantages of P2P Model
1. No backup of data can be done as there is no central server.
2. Security issues because each node is independent and hence difficult to
secure the complete network.
Principles of Parallel and Distributed computing:
1. Parallel and distributed computing are important technologies that have
key differences in their primary function. Read on to learn more about them
and how they differ.
2. Both parallel and distributed computing have been around for a long time
and both have contributed greatly to the improvement of computing processes
. However, they have key differences in their primary function.
3. Parallel computing, also known as parallel processing, speeds up a
computational task by dividing it into smaller jobs across multiple processors
inside one computer. Distributed computing, on the other hand, uses a
distributed system, such as the internet, to increase the available computing
power and enable larger, more complex tasks to be executed across multiple
machines.
What Is Parallel Computing?
Parallel computing is the process of performing computational tasks across
multiple processors at once to improve computing speed and efficiency. It
divides tasks into sub-tasks and executes them simultaneously through
different processors.
Bit-level parallelism: Uses larger “words,” which is a fixed-sized piece of
data handled as a unit by the instruction set or the hardware of the processor,
Instruction-level parallelism: Employs a stream of instructions to allow
processors to execute more than one instruction per clock cycle
Task-level parallelism: Runs computer code across multiple processors to
run multiple tasks at the same time on the same data
What Is Distributed Computing?
Distributed computing is the process of connecting multiple computers via a
local network or wide area network.
Easy scalability: Just add more computers to expand the system.
Redundancy: Since many different machines are providing the same service,
that service can keep running even if one (or more) of the computers goes
down.
Benefits of Cloud Services
Cloud services have many benefits, so let's take a closer look at some of the
most important ones.
Flexibility
Cloud computing lets users access files using web-enabled devices such as
smartphones and laptops. The ability to simultaneously share documents and
other files over the Internet can facilitate collaboration between employees.
Cloud services are very easily scalable, so your IT needs can be increased or
decreased depending on the needs of your business.
Work from anywhere
Users of cloud systems can work from any location as long as you have an
Internet connection. Most of the major cloud services offer mobile
applications, so there are no restrictions on what type of device you're using.
It allows users to be more productive by adjusting the system to their work
schedules.
Cost savings
Using web-based services eliminates the need for large expenditures on
implementing and maintaining the hardware. Cloud services work on a pay-
as-you-go subscription model.
Automatic updates
With cloud computing, your servers are off-premises and are the
responsibility of the service provider. Providers update systems
automatically, including security updates. This saves your business time
and money from doing it yourself, which could be better spent focusing on
other aspects of your organization.
Disaster recovery
Cloud-based backup and recovery ensure that your data is secure.
Implementing robust disaster recovery was once a problem for small
businesses, but cloud solutions now provide these organizations with the
cost-effective solutions with the expertise they need. Cloud services save
time, avoid large investments and provide a third party experience for your
company.
Open Source Cloud Software:
There are so many things to take care of, such as server space, development
environments, security, software stacks, software updates, and hardware
maintenance, that the whole platform maintenance costs tend to be
overwhelming.
These solutions employ a cloud computing model to provide everything the
developers need to do their work, from hosted development environments and
database tools, to complete application management capabilities.
Eucalyptus:
Eucalyptus is a Linux-based open-source software architecture for cloud
computing and also a storage platform that implements Infrastructure a
Service (IaaS). It provides quick and efficient computing services. Eucalyptus
was designed to provide services compatible with Amazon’s EC2 cloud and
Simple Storage Service(S3).
Node Controller is the lifecycle of instances running on each node. Interacts
with the operating system, hypervisor, and Cluster Controller. It controls the
working of VM instances on the host machine.
Cloud Controller Front-end for the entire architecture. It acts as a Complaint
Web Services to client tools on one side and interacts with the rest of the
components on the other side.
Open Nebula
Open stack:
Aneka:
Cloudsim.
CloudSim is an open-source framework, which is used to simulate cloud
computing infrastructure and services. It is developed by the CLOUDS Lab
organization and is written entirely in Java. It is used for modelling and
simulating a cloud computing environment as a means for evaluating a
hypothesis prior to software development in order to reproduce tests and
results.