INFILTRATION
OUR TEAM
OUR TEAM SHANE DANIKKA
LLORIN, S01
FRANZ ANTHONY KENAN
GRAGEDA, SO1 MADREGALEJO, SO1
JENNIFER
APRYLL JOVEN, MAGDARAOG, SO1
SO1
OUR TEAM
CONTENT:
INFILTRATION
FACTORS AFFECTING
INFILTRATION CAPACITY
INFILTRATION
MEASUREMENTS
INFILTRATION
The process of entering rain water in to soil strata of
earth is called INFILTRATION
The infiltrated water first meets the soil
moisture deficiency if any & excess water
moves vertically downwards to reach the
groundwater table. This vertical movement is
called PERCOLATION
INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
The infiltration capacity of soil is defined as the
maximum rate at which it is capable of absorbing
water and is denoted by f.
If i ≥ f then = f (depend upon soil capacity)
If i ≥ f then = i (depend upon rainfall capacity)
Where = actual infiltration capacity
i = rate of rainfall
f = infiltration capacity
Infiltration capacity - Maximum rate of water
FOR absorption by soil
Dry soil - (infiltration rate) f is more
Moist soil - (infiltration rate) f is less field capacity - Maximum capacity of water
absorption by soil
INFILTRATION RATE
• The rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation
• It is measured in (mm/hr) or (inches/hr)
• Infiltrometer is used for measurement of infiltration.
• if ( i > f ) runoff occurs.
• Infiltrtion rate is connected to hydraulic conductivity.
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
Hydraulic conductivity is ability of a fluid to flow through a porous
medium.
It is determined by the size and shape of the pore spaces in the
medium & viscosity of fluid.
OR
It is expressed as the volume of fluid that will move in unit time
under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
FACTORS AFFECTING
INFILTRATION CAPACITY
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
• SLOPE OF THE LAND:- The steeper the slope (gradient), the less
the infiltration or seepage.
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
• DEGREE OF SATURATION:- The more saturated the loose
Earth materials are, the less the infiltration.
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
• POROSITY:- Porosity is the percentage of open space (pores and cracks)
in a earth surface.
• The greater the porosity, the greater the amount of infiltration.
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
• COMPACTION:- The clay surfaced soils are compacted even by
the impact of rain drops which reduce infiltration. This effect is
negligible in sandy soils
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
SURFACE COVER CONDITION:-
• Vegetation:- Grasses, trees
and other plant types
capture falling precipitation
on leaves and branches,
keeping that water from
being absorbed into the
Earth & take more time to
reach in to the ground
.
• MORE the vegetation
Slower the Infiltration but it
increase the capacity
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
LAND USE
Roads, parking lots, and building create surfaces that are not
longer permeable. Thus infiltration is less.
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
TEMPERATURE
At high temperature, viscosity decreases and
infiltration increases
SUMMER - INFILTRATION INCREASES
WINTER - INFILTRATION DECREASES
FACTORS AFFECTING INFILTRATION
CAPACITY
OTHER FACTORS
A.) ENTRAPPED AIR IN PORES - entrapped air can greatly
affect the hydraulic conductivity at or near saturation
B.) QUALITY OF WATER - Turbidity by colloidal water
C.) FREEZING - Freezing in winter may lock pores
D.) ANNUAL & SEASONAL CHANGES - According to change
in land use pattern. Except for massive deforestation &
agriculture
INFILTRATION
MEASUREMENTS
INFILTROMETER
A device used to measure
the rate of water infi ltration
into soil.
TYPES
Flooding Type
Rainfall Simulators
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
SINGLE RING INFILTROMETER
• This consist of metal cylinder of diameter 25 cm to 30 cm
and length of 50 cm to 60 cm, with both ends open.
• length of cylinder- (2 x diameter)
• It is driven into a level ground such that about 10 cm of
cylinder is above the ground.
• Water is poured into the top part to a depth of 5 cm &
pointer is set inside the ring to indicate the water level to be
maintained.
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
• The single ring involves driving a ring into the soil and
supplying water in the ring either at constant head or falling
head condition.
• Constant head refers to condition where the amount of water
in the ring is always held constant means the rate of water
supplied corresponds to the infiltration capacity.
• Falling head refers to condition where water is supplied in the
ring, and the water is allowed to drop with time. The operator
records how much water goes into the soil for a given time
period.
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
SINGLE RING INFILTROMETER
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
DOUBLE RING INFILTROMETER
• This is most commonly used flooding type infiltrometer. it
consists of two concentric rings driven into soil uniformly
without disturbing the soil to the least to a depth of 15 cm.
The diameter of rings may vary between 25 cm to 60 cm.
• An inner ring is driven into the ground, and a second bigger
ring around that to help control the flow of water through the
first ring. Water is supplied either with a constant or falling
head condition, and the operator records how much water
infiltrates from the inner ring into the soil over a
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
DOUBLE RING INFILTROMETER
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
INFILTROMETERS
RAINFALL SIMULATORS
INFILTRATION BY RAINFALL SIMULATORS
➤ plot of land (2m X 4m)
➤The specifi cally designed nozzles produce raindrops falling from height of 2m.
➤Under controlled conditions with various combinations of intensities & durations, the
surface runoff rates & volumes are measured in each case.
INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS
In this a small plot of land (2m X 4m) size, is provided with a series of nozzles
on the longer side with arrangements to collect and measure the surface runoff
rate. The specially designed nozzles produce raindrops falling from height of
2m and capable of producing various intensities of rainfall.
Experiments are conducted under controlled conditions with various
combinations of intensities and durations and the surface runoff rates and
volumes are measured in each case. Using the water budget equation
infiltration rate and its variation with time are estimate.
P-R-G-E-T= ΔS
P= Precipitation E= Evaporation,
R= Surface runoff T= Transpiration,
G= net ground water fl ow ΔS= change in storage
THANK YOU!!
