SETTINGS, PROCESSES,

METHODS, AND TOOLS

IN SOCIAL WORK
 SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
SETTINGS
Social work practitioners work in various types of practicing settings .
Du Bois and miley (2014 91) identified two board categories of social
works settings: The primary and host setting . Primary settings chiefly
provided social service that are directly related to the missions of
organization . Host settings on the other hand provide social works service
and adjuncts to the goals of the organization. Social service components
serves to complement ,support, or enhance the mission of host institution.
 Primary
setting
Morales and sheafor (2022, 110)
identified three primary settings for
social workers can be found: government
sectors ,voluntary sector ,and
business sector
 Three primary
settings
•Governme
ntwhere most social works can be found in the government.
One of the settings
In the philippines the government provides jobs opportunities for social workers
primary thought the department of social work and development or (DSWD). In
this regional office in addition to administrative and management rules social
workers also engage in the direct serve works as case managers and coordinators
for institutions dealing with different clients groups and for community based
program.
 •Private
Companies havesector
come to recognize that they also have a responsibilities
of making the work a better place for everyone to live in. This corporate
conscience is refers to as corporate social responsibility (CSR). To ensure
that these goals is fulfilled, companies hire social workers who works as
resources and system and program development. Social workers maximize
the resources that cooperates entities have in improving the quality of life
of the member of a certain community. An example of a private sector group
that practice CSR in the philippines business for social process
and non-profit organizations that brings business together to address property.
 •Host
setting
Schools chords and hospitals are examples of host or secondar
setting in this setting social work professionals work as member
of a disciplinary team. Healthcare settings. social works in
healthcare settings works hard had in hand with medical
professionals
such as doctors nurse dentist and therapist social works practice in
the
these settings has greatly involved since in the beginning it's
beginning
were at first the professional was only focus on provide proving
 •school
The goal of social work in school setting is to make students fully
setting
available for learning by promoting their academic and social
emotional well-being. They address issues that block academic
process by helping students clients overcome their social,
psychological ,
emotional ,and physical difficulties. They also designs youth oriented
projects and program from preventing student from dropping out
of schools social works in academic settings serve as link between
clients,
the family, the community ,and other professionals .Social works in
these
settings may be in the form of counseling crisis intervention and
 •Court
These are two primary rules that social works play on court evidence
settings
given and report writers social work practitioners provide
testimonies on court hearings promodentity in childcare's or
family proceedings. They also conduct interviews, gather and
assess data, and cite recommendations in social case reporting
for court use.
Some host settings ,such as chords and hospitals, are government owned and
funded. Social workers in said settings are referred to as court social workers
and medical social workers, respectively. NGOs which can be considered as host
settings for social works focus on certain issues and concerns such as education,
health, migration ,peace and governance ,human rights ,disaster risk reduction
and management, and clients change adaptation.
 • Social work
networks
Although social work clients and audiences are classified as
individuals ,groups ,organizations, and communities, the social
works professional do not see them as separates ,but
as interconnected and interrelated entities. No matter what
the settings where social workers practiced, social workers
should have a basic knowledge on how the other settings or
works in terms of policies ,deliveries systems and mechanisms,
and procedures as well the programs and service these settings
provide. It is important that social workers established
networks
so that they can tap these resources for their own clienrele
 • Generalist social work
practice
Initially this is how social work is conceptualized and the three are usually
refers to as the methods of social work practice ,which is confined to a
particular specialization that is casework, group work and community
organizing. However recent literature talks about generalist practice or
generalist social work practice . Pearson provided an explanations and
general social work ,which says:
generalist practitioners acknowledged the interplay of personal and
collective issues promoting them to work with a variety of human system
societies communities neighborhood complex organization formal groups
families and individuals to create change the maximize human system
• social work helping
process
• phases of social work helping
process
The clients and providing possible course of actions that can help the
client
solve their problems and meet their goals planning center on the creation
of a
contract plan that the clients would follow and fulfill in order to
accomplish
 •
Exploratio
Cournoyer (2014) Maintaining that during the exploration phase of
n
the helping process, the social workers encourage the clients
to share thoughts, feelings, and experiences, about the issue or
concerns
that lead the clients to contract the social worker. The following
exploration skills are specialized useful for encouraging mutual
considerations of information regarding the person or clients ,
the issue, situation , and strengths:
 •
Engagemen
Whether the generally social work practitioners begins to
workwith an
individual ,family, group ,organization or community as the
clients, t
action, or target system, one of the social workers immediate task
is
to engage the system in setting basis problem solving direct
towards goal accomplishment. Timberlake et al,( 2008) assert
that during the engagement phase ,the social workers attends
to the seven guiding processes:
2. Identifying problems ,needs ,and
strength
Before actual discussing the problems with the clients or the action
system in any in any debt it is necessary for the social worker to
prepare for the contract at much as possible the social worker tries
to learn about the culture, needs, strengths, and resources of the client
system. More than just a system that he or she will increase with, the
social
worker also tries to understand his or her own culture, needs ,and
resources
he or she also comprehends how the two social worker and system of
contact may form a fit for a positive interaction.
 3. Recognizing feelings and
reaction
The social workers strives to become aware of the feelings about the
client's system as they related to the problem situation . The feelings
encourage and express however are mainly conscious and identifiable.
Although feelings are conscious, the social workers know that they are
often
difficult to share. It may be acquired of a person to encourage in the
discussion about private feelings with a social worker in the early path
of a working relationship. To be able to help the current system discuss
the relevant feelings, the social workers need to have broad vocabulary
to describe feelings.
 4. Increasing client system
investment
As early as the engagement phase ,social workers should be able to
build collaborative relationship with the client system .To be able to
achieve this ,the social worker should make use of active and reflective
listening behavior ,paying full attention to the client system verbal
and nonverbal explanation of thought, feelings ,and express with
the problem presented, current situation ,and mean of copying, and
change that may have occurred .Techniques that be that will be of
great help to the social work include paraphrasing, clarifying ,
questioning ,and summarizing themes and points in the client
system narrative to accurate reflect the content and process of their
message.
 5. Determining
Goals are the desire outcomes goals
toward which intervention activity is directed.
According to kirst- ashman and Hull (1999); sheafor, horejsi and Horejsi (1999); and
as cited in Timberlake get al. (2008),goals may take many forms such as:

• learning a skills or acquiring particular knowledge for decisions making or

fulfilling a practical rule.
• making an important decision about a course or action such as deciding to
change a lifestyle or material status or relinquishing custody of a child.

• changing behavior to increase desire outcomes like adopting a study

habits for a student so as to improve his performance in school.
 • making initial
In the engagement phase a working climate is established
where in
plans
the client system fears problems needs strengths and goals
are induction - the client system agrees to proceed with the outline
• Role
explored there intervention
are threeprocess.
possible outcomes of the
• Referral- since the client system cannot be adequately served by the
engagement:
present agency and the social workers has an obligation to help the system
gain access to need services ,linking or brokering service is offered.
• Discontinuation of services- the client system and the social worker agree not
to continue because of the following reason (1) the problems needs and issues
presented cannot be addressed by the agency service (2) the client system and
the social worker agreed that the initial contact were insufficient to mobilize
strength basis problems of solving process and resources or (3) the client system
chooses not to invest for their time energy to resources and partnerships.
 The skills that are used during the assessment include goal settings
planning , contracting and recording goals emphasized client system
growth and gains in specific terms according to timberlakes at all 2008
205
goals have multiple function such as the following:
• provide directions and continuity for the intervention.
• provide the means for the client system and the social
worker to come to an agreement about the outcome to be
achieved.
• facilitate the selections of intervention strategies.
• facilitate monitoring progress.
• serve as outcomes criteria.
 Phase || Middle phase : Implementation of the
plan and attainment of goals
Phase || of the helping process involves translating the plants formulated jointly by
the social workers and the clients into actions. Both the social workers and the
clients combine their efforts in working towards the achievement of the goals. This
process begins by breaking down the goal into general task that identify general
strategies to be employed in pursuit of the goal. This general task are done
subdivided into specific task that designer what the clients and social worker plan
to do between one's session and the next.

According to timberlake et al,( 2018 294 ) when a social worker in agreement with
the client system, intervenes directly with the client system the social worker is
engaging in direct intervention. Furthermore the goal of direct intervention is to
promote system empowerment to the object of.
 • Educating the client system about resources ,critical problem
solving, and skill for taking action.
• providing support as the client system carries out contracted
task.
• create opportunities for the client system to be successful in
strength
• assisting
based problem the client and
solving system to bring
becoming about planned
empowered
• creating opportunities change.
for the client system to gain mutual collective
aid.

Abrosino et al.( 2008 ) maintain the generalist practice intervention which

individuals, families, and groups is divert from the social study and
assessment.
It is sanctioned sby the contract between the practitioner and the clients.
The implementation phase of the intervention is directly to meeting
established
goals and me involve activities such as:
• counseling;
• role playing;
• engaging other community resources;
• establishing support groups;
• developing resources;
• finding alternative care resources;
• encouraging family involvement; and
• offering play therapy.
In this stage what is emphasized is that the contract plan that was
made in t
he contract planning stage will be put into actions with the client as the
 Phase ||| Ending phase : evaluation and
termination

Phase ||| is concerned which evolution evaluating if the goals are

outcomes
that the social workers and clients have work on have been achieved. This
phase help determine the effectiveness of the work and partnership
between
the social worker and the clients in accomplishment the goals of the side
clients said clients. phase ||| also deals with ending the personal
relationship
of the social worker and clients in an ethical responsibilities responsible
and
 Evaluatio
n
While emplementing the plan, it is imperative for social worker to
undergo evaluation evaluating one's practice is an obligation inferent
and the rule of social work. It is considered just as important as doing
assessment or a selecting and carrying out an intervention. Evaluation
is
the process of determining the effectiveness of the worker with
clients and is concerned with the weather the outcomes the social
worker and the clients hope for have been achieved. The inclusion of
evaluation as steps in the social work helping process and their scores
the
idea that is widely recognized as the legitimate component of the
social