DCC5152: WATER SUPPLY & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 2:
USAGE & DEMAND OF WATER SUPPLY
 WATER DEMAND
Categories of Water Usage

1 2 3 4 5 6
• Weather • Business • Depends on • Recreational • Pipe leakage • Farms
Domestic

Non-revenue water (NRW)

Public
Commercial

Industrial

Agricultural
• Social status complex type of areas • Fire fighting • Garden
• Water • Shops industry • Fountain • Water • Rearing
quality • Restaurants • Size of • Water Tank stealing
• Cost • Office industry cleansing • Illegal
• Sanitary • Number of • Quantity • Road connection
system workers or • Water cleansing • Evaporation
• Types of space quality and from
water supply cost reservoirs
• Consumer • Good water
awareness supply
system
(15%)
• In Malaysia,
NRW 17-
57%.
 i. DOMESTIC DEMAND
Water requirements for domestic purposes are about 50% of the
total water requirements per capita per day.
 ii. COMMERCIAL/TRADE PURPOSE
For a town having moderate facilities an average value of about 15
to 25 litres per capita day may be assumed.
 iii. INDUSTRIES
For a city with moderate intensity of factories, the water
requirements may be taken 20 to 25 %of the per capita allowance of
water.
IV. PUBLIC OR CIVIC USE
 POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION
• Population is the relevant factors in estimating water use
in future.
• Elements of the system must have a shorter design life
[within 5 years (min) until 50 years (max)].
• The information about the population can be obtained
from
• Statistic Department (Jabatan Perangkaan)
• District Office (Pejabat Daerah)
• State Economy Development Corporation (Pejabat Perbadanan
Kemajuan Ekonomi Negeri)
• Economy Planning Unit, Federal and State (Unit Perancangan
Ekonomi Persekutuan dan Negeri)
• Previous Technical Report
Factors Effecting Population Growth

a. Birth Rate

b. Mortality Rate

c. Migration Rate
Logistic Curve of Population Growth
 Estimate Future Population

Arithmetic Incremental Simple

Ratio
Increase Increase Graphical

Decreasing
Geometric Comparative
Rate of
Increase Graphical
Growth
a. Arithmetic method
• Assuming the number of the population increased by fixed
• Formula:

Where:
= Current year
= The final year population
= Number of years
= Average of the population
Question 1
The total population within the decade 1930 - 1970 is given in Table 1. Determine the
total population of the two decades after 1970 with Arithmetic methods.
Year Total Population
1930 25000
1940 28000
1950 34000
1960 42000
1970 47000

Year Total Population Population Increase

1930 25000
3000
1940 28000
6000
1950 34000
8000
1960 42000
5000
1970 47000
Total Increase 22000
Average / Decade 22000/4 = 5500 (i )
• Using formula

• = 1990
• = 47000
• = 2 (1990 – 1970 = 20 @ 2 decades)
• = 5500
• Therefore
P1990 = 47000 + 2(5500)
= 58000 persons
Question 2
Table 1 below shows the additional population for Jasin District, Malacca for 1970
to 1990. calculate the total population for 2000 to 2010 by using Arithmetic Method.

Year Population

1970 23788

1980 29255

1990 41685
b. Geometric Method
• Percent increase in population over the decades, is fix
• The future population depends on the percentage increase
• Formula:
Question 3
The total population within the decade 1930 - 1970 is given in Table 1. Determine the
total population of the two decades after 1970 with Geometric methods
Year Total Population
1930 25000
1940 28000
1950 34000
1960 42000
1970 47000

Year Total Population Increase Increase Percentage

Population
1930 25000
28000 – 25000 = (3000/25000) x 100 = 12%
3000
1940 28000
6000 (6000/28000) x 100 = 21.4%
1950 34000
8000 (8000/34000) x 100 = 23.5%
1960 42000
5000 (5000/42000) x 100 = 11.9%
1970 47000

Average Increse Percentage (12+21.4+23.5+11.9)/ 4 =

17.2%
• Using formula

• = 1990
• = 47000
• = 2 (1990 – 1970 = 20)
• = 17.2

• Therefore
P1990 = 47000 (1 + 17.2/100)2
= 64558 persons
Question 4
Table 1 below shows the additional population for Jasin District, Malacca for 1970
to 1990. calculate the total population for 2000 to 2010 by using Geometric Method.

Year Population
1970 23788
1980 29255
1990 41685
c. Decreasing Rate of Growth
method
• This method is used when the population growth was due to the
saturation of development
• Formula:
Question 5
Estimate the number of population of a city in 1990, 2000, and 2010 based on the data
below

Year Population

1950 116000

1960 122000

1970 130000

1980 136000
 Year Population Population Increase Percentage Population Increase Decrease
Percentage of
Population
Increase
1950 116000 - - -

1960 122000 6000 (6000/116000) x 100 = 5.2% -

1970 130000 8000 (8000/122000) x 100 = 6.6% -1.4%

1980 136000 6000 (6000/130000) x 100 = 4.6% +2.0%
Total 20000 +0.6%
Average a 20000/3 = 6666 0.6/3 = 0.2%
Decade
• P1990 = 13600 + (4.6% - 0.2%)(13600)
= ______

• P2000 = ______ + (4.4% - 0.2%)(______)

= ______

• P2010 = ______ + (4.2% - 0.2%)(______)

= ______
 WATER DEMAND FORECASTING
Per capita Demand
• The quantity of water required for municipal
uses for which the water supply scheme has
to be designed requires following data:
• Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in
liters per day per head)
• Population to be served.
Factors Affecting Per capita Demand
• Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared
to that for smaller towns as big cities have sewered houses.
• Presence of industries.
• Climatic conditions.
• Habits of people and their economic status.
• Quality of water: If water is aesthetically and medically safe, the consumption
will increase as people will not resort to private wells, etc.
• Pressure in the distribution system.
• Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services;
and unauthorized use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.
• Cost of water.
• Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax is charged in two different
ways: on the basis of meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed monthly
rate.
Design Periods & Population Forecast

• Design period is estimated based on the following:

• Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.

• Expandability aspect.
• Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial
developments & migration-immigration.
• Available resources.
• Performance of the system during initial period.
 Service Factor
• Services factor reflects the percent of population to be
supplied with water.
• Since Malaysia is a developing country, the provision of
adequate financial is a barrier to 100% water supply.
• Formula water demand estimation is as follows:

Where:
• = water demand in year "n"
• = the population forecast in the year "n"
• = water demand per capita
• = service factor
• = design factor
• = additional demand
Question 6
The following data was obtained from Taman Seri Gemersik in 2000. Calculate
the volume of water demand (WD) in 2008.

Total household = 1200 households

Ave household members = 6 persons
Per capita water consumption = 200liters/person/day
Population growth = 2.7% per year
Institutional water need = 1/3 of the population needs
Design Factor = 2.5
NRW percentage = 20%
Water supply coverage = 90%