Chapter 1: Concept of

Computer networks
History of Internet
Concept of computer networks
Network architecture
Packet switching vs. circuit switching

Reading: Chapter 1, Computer Networks, Tanenbaum

1
 History of the Internet

 Originated from an
experiemental project of ARPA
 Intially having only two nodes
(IMP atUCLA and IMP at SRI).

ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency

UCLA: University California Los Angeles
SRI: Stanford Research Institute
IMP: Interface Message Processor, that \
each computer must be attached with

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Source: [Link]
2
 In 12/1969, after 3 months

SRI UTAH

UCSB
UCLA

A network with 4 nodes, 56kbps

UCSB:University of California, Santa Barbara

UTAH:University of Utah
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 ARPANET, 1971

Source:
[Link]
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atlas/[Link] One node was added each month
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 Years 70s:
Interconnection, new
network architectures
and private
architectures

5
 Expansion of ARPANET, 1974

source:
Traffic each day not more than 3.000.000 package
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[Link]
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atlas/[Link] 6
Years 70s

• Since 1970, new networks private

architectures appear:
• ALOHAnet in Hawaii
• DECnet, IBM SNA, XNA
• 1974: Cerf & Kahn – principles of
interconnection of open systems
(Turing Awards)
• 1976: Ethernet, Xerox PARC
• End of 1970s: ATM

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Years 80s: New protocols,
more expansion

8
1981: Beginning of NSFNET

NSF: National Science Foundation

NSF network is separated from ARPANET for academic
research uniquely

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 1986: Connect USENET and NSFNET

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More network to join and more
protocol
• More networks join in: MFENET, HEPNET
(Dept. Energy), SPAN (NASA), BITnet,
CSnet, NSFnet, Minitel …
• TCP/IP is standardized and becomes
popular in 1980
• Berkeley integrate TCP/IP in BSD Unix
• Services: FTP, Mail, DNS …

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 Years 90s: Web and E-
commerce over Internet

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Years 90s

Begining of 90s:
Begining of Web End of 1990’s –
HTML, HTTP: 2000’s:
Berners-Lee • Many new Internet
1994: Mosaic, applications was
Netscape introduced:
• Chat, file sharing P2P…
End of 90s:
• E-commerce, Yahoo, Ebay,
Commercialized the Amazon, Google…
Internet • > 50 millions hosts, >
100 millions users.

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 Internet in Việt Nam

•1996: Preparation for the Internet

infrastructure
• ISP: VNPT
• 64kbps, 01 connection to the world, few end users.
•1997: Việt Nam connects to the Internet
officially
• 1 IXP (Internet Exchange Point): VNPT
• 4 ISP (Internet Service Provider) : VNPT, Netnam
(IOT), FPT, SPT
•2007: After 10 years
• 20 ISPs, 4 IXPs: VNPT, FPT, Viettel, EVN Telecom
• 19 mil. users, 22.04% population
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 Development of the Internet in
Vietnam

The numbers of users are estimated by 2 times the number of subscribers

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Source: Vietnam Internet
School of Information Case
and Communication Study, [Link]
Technology

15
Statistics until 2007

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Source: Vnnic, [Link] 16

Bandwidth to the world (Mbps), 3rd
Quarter 2007

FPT, 2635

EVN, 400

SPT, 200

HanoiTelecom,
4
Vietel, 2056
VNPT, 6820

Total: 12115.0 Mbps

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 Fixed internet subscription, 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
[Link]

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Some fixed internet subscription
technologies
• Dial-up:
• 56kbps,
• use public telephone lines,
• Data are transmitted over the same frequency with voice,
• Old technology, popular before 2000
• ADSL, xDSL:
• few Mbps,
• use public telephone lines,
• Data are transmitted over the different frequency with
voice,
• popular between 2000-2010
• Internet over TV cable
• Use TV cable to carry data
• FTTH
• several dozen Mbps,
• Use optical fiber
• Popular nowadays.
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Data usage on mobile phones
2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
[Link]
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International Internet data
volume 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
[Link]
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 Domestic Internet data volume

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
[Link]
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Internet management in Việt
Nam
• VNNIC
• Is responsible for managing the Internet
domain name, address in Việt Nam;
• Provides guidelines, statistics about Internet
and participates in international activity
about Internet.
• VNIX: Vietnam National Internet
eXchange
• switching system between national ISP.

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TRƯỜNG CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG
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International connections

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International connections

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International connections

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Optical fiber under the ocean

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Source: [Link] 28
Optical fiber under the ocean

Source: [Link]
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Concepts of computer
networks

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Concepts

A set of computers/nodes
connecting to each other
according to an architecture in
order to exchange data
Computer/node: workstation,
server, router, mobile
phone .etc with information
processing capacity
They connect to each other by
a media (wired or wireless)
Arcording to an archirecture
Different kind of computers

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Example of computer networks

The Internet
A local network using Ethernet
An wireless LAN at a coffee shop:
using 802.11 standard
A network connecting ATMs

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 Network architecture

• Network architecture contain 2 aspects:

• topology: the form that network nodes connects to
each other
• Protocol: language and procedure of communication
between nodes.
• Topology
• Bus, Ring, Star…

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 What is a protocol?

Hi request

non response

What time is it now? request

ok response

Thời gian

Protocol between human being:

vocabulary, procedure Protocol between
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Network protocol

• A protocol defines communication rules between

nodes
• Protocol defines:
• Format of messages/ information to be exchanged
between nodes.
• Order of messages sending between entities/nodes
• Action should be performed when an entity receives a
message.
• Example of protocols running on the Internet: TCP,
UDP, IP, HTTP, Telnet, SSH, Ethernet, …

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 Communication media

• Physical medium that can carry signal

• Classification:
• Wired media: twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber,…
• Wireless media: radio wave, microwave, infrared wave,…
• Some characteristics:
• Bandwidth (băng thông): width of the frequency band
could be used for carrying signal
• fmin: minimum frequency, fmax: maximum frequency
• Bandwidth = fmax - fmin
• BER – Bit Error Rate= nb of error bits/nb of transmitted
bits)
• Attenuation (suy hao): signal power decrement level

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Computer network classification

• PAN – Personal Area Network

• Scope: several metres
• #users: few
• To serve an individual
• LAN – Local Area Network):
• Scope: few km
• #users: few to hundreds of thousands
• To serve a household, an organization

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Computer network classification

• MAN – Metropolitian Area Network

• Scope: hundreds of km
• #users: Millions
• To serve a metro, area
• WAN – Wide Area Network
• Scope: thousands of km
• #users: billions
• GAN – Global Area Network: over the
world (ex: Internet)

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LAN

• LAN (Local Area Networks):

• Scope: a building, an office, an organization
• Wireless LAN
• VD: WIFI
• Wired LAN
• VD: Ethernet

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MAN

• Metropolitan Area
Networks
• Cover a city
• Ex:
• Television network
• Backbone networks
of ISP.

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 WAN

• Wide Area Networks

• Cover a large scope such as a
country
• Ex: network connecting different
branches of a company
• Technology characteristics:
• Using long distant lines to
connect different parts of the
network
• Ex: Using public telephone
network
• Ex: using optical cable.

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GAN

• Global Area Networks

• Interconnect different networks
• Cover many continentals.

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 Internet
mobile network

global ISP
• Contain more than 5 billions
devices
• 3.2 billion users (40%) home
network
• Medium: optical fiber, regional ISP
twisted pair, Wimax, 3G…
• Transport ~3x109 GB data
per day
• Services: Web, email, social
networks, …

institutional
network

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 Internet

• Network of networks
access access
network access network
network
. ..

Internet
access
network

How to interconnects millions

of network systems? access
network

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Internet: network of networks
• Directly connect one network with all others?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

Not scalable:
…

…
Number of

…
access access
…

net net

access
connections O(n2)
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

… net
access access …
net access net
net

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Internet: Network of networks(2)
• Connect each access network to a relay stations of a
global ISP

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

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Internet: Network of networks(3)
• Add more ISP...

Internet relay station

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
Peer-to-peer
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

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Internet: Network of networks(4)
• Add regional networks...

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
… net
access access …
net access net
net

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 Transmission
models
Packet switching vs. Circuit switching
Connection oriented vs. Connectionless

49
Connecting hosts
Direct links model

• Using direct links between all pairs of hosts

• A link: a segment of medium without any processing unit in the
middle
• Weakness: too many links, distance limitation.

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Connecting hosts
Bus model

• Point-to-multipoint:
• Single communication medium is used for all hosts 
broadcast communication
• Weakness: long physical link, few hosts can
communicate simultaneously

X
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 Connecting hosts
Switching model

• Solution: using switch

• Switch: device with multiple ports
• A host links to a switch
• Switches link together point-to-point
• Switch forwards data/signal between ports toward
destination.

G D
A
3
1
C 5 B
2

E F
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Data switching network

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Circuit switching

A switch closes two ports together, making data from

in-port to flow to out-port.
Circuit is a continuous path/channel, going through
several switches, over which data flow

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Circuit switching

Resources (ex: bandwidth over a link) is dedicatedly

assigned to a circuit. When the circuit is unused (no
data is transmitted), no other circuits can use the
resources.
3 phases of data transmission
Setup circuit: close ports of switches along the
path
Transmit data
Tear down the circuit: release the closed switches
Circuit switching guaranties that the circuits uses the
whole available the bandwidth over each link for data
transmission (good for audio/video transmission)
Waste of bandwidth if the data transmission process
does not consume the whole capacity of each link of
the circuit.
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Example of circuit switching : Public Switched
Telephone Network PSTN

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End-to-end data transmission time in circuit
switching

A Sw1 Sw2 B

Setup
circuit

Transmit
data Information
time
Teardown
circuit
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Weakness: case of idle chanel

Sw1 Sw2

Setup

Transmit Transfer
data Information
t
teardown

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Weakness: case of small channel

Sw1 Sw2

Setup

Transmit data
Information

Teardown

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Packet switching

Data is divided into small packets and

transferred through the network
Switch does not close one port to another
but just copies packets between ports.
Multiple connections can share a single
channel
Increase bandwidth utilization efficiency
Each packet is forwarded individually

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Example of packet switching

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Transmission time in packet switching

 Switch forwards a packet only A Sw B

after receiving all the packet
(store and forward)
h
payl
d
oad r

 Switch needs time to process a

packet (dproc):
 Checks error
 Decides which ports to forward
packet out
 dproc is usually smaller than
transmission delay
dproc

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Bandwidth vs throughput

• Bandwidth - R
• In telecommunication: bandwidth= fmax - fmin
• In computer networks: Maximum amount of
data can be transmitted in a unit of time over
a link (bps – bit per second).
• Ex: optical fiber has bandwidth of 1000Mbps.
• Throughput: actual data transmission
speed (bits/sec)

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Bottle neck

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Delay

Transmission delay
A Propagation delay

C D
B
Processing delay
Queue delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dtrans: transmission dprop: propagation delay
delay: Time to propagate data from
Time to send data out one end of link to the
of a node other
 L: data size(bits)  d: length of link
 R: bandwidth(bps)  s: signal propagation speed in
 dtrans = L/R
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 dprop = d/s 65
Delay

Transmission delay
A Propagation delay

C D
B
Processing delay
Queue delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop

dproc: processing dqueue: queue delay

delay  Time data stay in
 Error check queue waiting for
 Identify out port processing
 Usually < μsec  Depending on the
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amount of data in
66
 Round Trip Time (RTT)

• RTT: = t3 – t0
A B
T = t0

T = t1
Processing time

T = t2 at B

T = t3

 One way delay: t1 – t0

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Connection oriented vs connectionless
communication

• Connection oriented communication:

• Data is transmitted over a connection already setup
• 3 phase of communication
• Setup connection
• Data transmission
• Tear down connection
• Connection setup allows to make sur that receiver is
ready for the communication  more reliable
• More control mechanism can be performed before the
data transmission to enhance it QoS
• Connectionless
• No connection is setup, there is only data transmission
phase
• Not reliable
• “Best effort” QoS, sending data as quick as possible.
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Summary

• Introduction to the course

• History of the Internet
• Concept of Computer Networks
• Architecture
• Topology
• Protocol
• Circuit switching vs. packet switching
• Pros & cons

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Next week…

Layering architecture
OSI reference model
IP, MAC address, port number
DNS service.

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 Lecture 2:
Basic concepts of computer
networks
Layer architecture
OSI & TCP/IP reference model
Addressing
Domain name and conversion/resolution
of domain name

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 Layer
architecture

72
Devide and conquer principle

• Big work is divided into small tasks

• Assign some tasks to individuals
• Ex: Compagny A & B needs to discuss about a
contract
• Director of A,B: Identify the main points of the
contracts & ask secretary to write down the contract.
• Secretary:
• Format the contract, put contract to envelope, write
down the address of company B
• Ask post office (VNPT) to send to company B
• Post office:
• Forward the envelop through several hub of post then to
B

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Example

• Parties at the same level performs similar tasks and use

the same information communication methods.

Compagny A Compagny B
Prepare idea of contract
Director Director
Natural language

Make envelop/ unfold

Secretary envelope Secretary
address

Forward mail using code

Zip code
Post office Post office

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Advantage of layering systems

• For the complex system: principle of ”

devide and conquer”
• Allow to determine the responsibility of
each layer and the relationship amongst
them
• Allow to maintain and upgrade easily the
system
• Changes in some parts do not influence the
other parts.
• Ex: upgrade a media lecture from CD lecture
to DVD lecture without the need to change
speakers.
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 Example of layers

Architecture with Architecture

layers without layers

Cassette

Sound system
All functionalities are put
Player on the same box
Speaker
When we want to upgrade:
Amplifier
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Upgrade the whole box
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Reference
models
OSI
TCP/IP

77
OSI - Open System Interconnection: 7 layers

Application layer Tầng ứng dụng

Presentation layer Tầng trình diễn

Session layer Tầng phiên

Transport layer Tầng giao vận

Network layer Tầng mạng Tầng mạng

Data link layer Tầng liên kết dữ liệu

Physical layer Tầng vật lý

Intermediate nodes End system

End system
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 The main functionality of each
layers

• Physical layer: Transfering bits “over

medium”
• Datalink layer: Transfering data between application
direct connected elements in the networks.
presentation
• Network layer: Routing, forwarding data
from the source to the distant destination session
• Transport: Transmitting data between transport
applications network
• Session : synchronization, check-point, data link
recovery of transmission process
physical
• Presentation: data encoding, compression,
data conversion…
• Application: Supporting communications
between distant parts of an application.
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Models OSI and TCP/IP
In the TCP/IP model of the Internet, the
functionalities of 3 first layers are combined in a
single layer.

Application layer
Application
Presentation layer HTTP, FTP, SMTP…

Session layer
Transport layer TCP UDP
Network layer IP
Datalink layer Network Interface
Physical layer Physical
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Layering model of the Internet

Example of data transmission from a source to a

destination through intermediate nodes (router)

HTTP HTTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 100M 100M/Ethernet

CAT5 CAT5 CAT5 CAT5

Source Intermediate nodes Destination

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Data Encapsulation

Data encapsulation is similar to a packaging process for a gift.

Packaging

Decoration

Put address

address address

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 Data Encapsulation

• Sender side: Add header containing the information

necessary for package processing at that layer, then send
packet to the lower layer.
• Receiver side: Process data in the package according to
information in the header, remove the header and send data
to the upper layer.
PDUN Layer N Protocol N Layer N PDUN

Protocol N-1
HN-1 Layer (N-1) Layer (N-1) HN-1
...

...
addr.
H2 ... Layer 2 Layer 2 H2 ...

H1 ... Layer 1 Layer 1 H1 ...

Sender
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Receiver
83
PDU: Protocol Data Unit

Protocol N+1
Layer (N+1) (N+1) PDU
Service interface

Protocol N
Layer (N) (N) PDU HN

Service interface
Protocol N-1
addr.
Layer (N-1) (N-1) PDU HN HN-1

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 SAP: Service Access Point

Protocol 1
Client 1 Server 1
Client 2 Protocol 1 Server 2
Server 3 Protocol 1 Client 3
Application

SAP SAP

transport TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
protocol

Internet

SAP: is a conceptual location at which one OSI layer can request the services
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of another OSI layer 85

 The protocols TCP/IP and encapsulation
process

• At sender
• Each layer add control information to the header of packet and
transfer to the lower layer.
• At receiver
• Each layer process packet according to the information of the header,
then remove the corresponding header and deliver the remaining data
to the upper layer.

Ex ： HTTP header
Application Application
Data Data
TCP header TCP TCP

IP header IP IP

Ethernet Frame Network Interface Network Interface

Physical Physical
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Sende Receiver 86
 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Dữ liệu - payload
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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

WDM header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

WDM header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

IP header TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

TCP header Dữ liệu - payload

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 Protocol stack and encapsulation

FTP FTP

TCP TCP

IP IP IP IP

Ethernet/10M 10M 10G 10G 100M Ethernet/100M

CAT5 CAT5 WDM WDM CAT5 CAT5

End node Intermediate node End node

Dữ liệu - payload
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 Summary: Advantage of layering architecture

• Layering architecture allows to divide the

functionalities of networks into small components
• Layers are independent:
• An upper layer makes use of the functionality of its right
bellow layer but does not care about further layer.
• Extensibility/Scalability
• Flexible
• It is possble to upgrade the communication system by
upgrading the technology of some layers: Ex:
• ADSL→FTTH
• IPv4→IPv6

• Without layering:
• Any change in the system requires changing the whole
systems.
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Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast protocols

• Unicast protocol: control data to send to

one destination node
• Multicast protocol: control data to send to
multiple destination nodes
• Broadcast protocol: control data to send
to all nodes

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Identification in the
Internet
MAC Address
IP Address
Port number

103
Identification

Identification allows identify a person or

an object
Name
Nguyen Thanh Ha
Address
1 Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi
Telephone number
8680896
Email
ha--xxx@[Link]

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 Identification

• Identification usually has hierarchical structure

• Allow to manage efficiently a large addressing space
• Scalability

• Example of hierarchy
• Address
• 1 Dai Co Viet street, Hai Ba Trung district, Ha Noi Hanoi
• Telephone number
• +84-(4) 868-08-96 Hai Ba Trung

Dai Co Viet

So 1
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Identification in the Internet and the relationship
between layers

Domain name, e.g., [Link]

application

TCP/UDP Port Number, e.g. Port 80

IP IP address, e.g. [Link]

data link Physical address / MAC address

e.g. [Link]
physical

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 Addressing in the Datalink layer

• Physical address/ MAC address

• Using in Datalink layer
• Fixed on NIC (Network Interface Card)
• Used for identifying machine in broadcast network
segment.

HEX

BIN
[Link]
00000000 00010001 00100100 01111001 10001110 10000010

OUI Assigned by manufacture

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier):

Each Manufacture have an some OUI unique
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Addressing in the Internet

• IP address
• Used in IP-Internet Protocol (network layer)
• Value depends on the networks. Each network
interface card should be assigned an IP address.
• Used for identifying a machine in an IP network,
example:
• [Link] (ipv4)
• [Link] (ipv6)

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Addressing in transport layer

• Port number
• On each machine, there may be several applications
running.
• Applications of the same machine are distinguished by port
number.
• An application instance in the internet is identified by the IP
address of the host and port number on which it runs
• Similar to the address of a room in a building
• Buiding address: B1 Building, 1 Dai Co Viet, Ha Noi => similar
to IP address
• Room number 325 => Similar to port number
• E.g. HTTP runs on port 80, FTP runs on ports 20, 21 …
• [Link]

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Addressing in Application layer

• Domain Name
(FQDN: Fully Qualified Domain Name)
• Domain name is the name given to a
computer or a network using alphabet and
numbers
• [Link]
• [Link]

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Domain name space

.[Link]
[Link]
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 Domain name and IP address

• For sending data to a host/machine, the host must be identified

• By an IP address
• By a domain name (easy to be memorized by human)
• name
• Variable length
• easy to be memorized by human
• Nothing to do with the location of the host
• IP address
• Fixed length (32 bits or 128 bits)
• Computer process address more easily
• Used for routing purpose

[Link] [Link]

[Link]
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[Link] 112
 Conversion/resolution of address

• Computer prefers numbers

• Human prefers names I want to see the webpage
[Link]

User

Need address conversion Need to access to

[Link]

Domain name server

If user knows the IP address of

Webserver of
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the webserver, he can access
[Link] via IP address from Browser 113
Address resolution/conversion

Concept
Mechanism finding address IP from a domain name
and vice versa.
There is no mathematical formula for this conversion.
Domain name server (DNS)
Store the mapping of IP address and Domain name of
the same host in a database
Answer requests to resolve IP addresses or domain
names from users.
Widely used in the Internet

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Example

User
(1)
[Link]
(2)
[Link]
DNS Web browser
(3)
[Link] (4) [Link]

Web server

Provide mapping IP-domain name

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Nslookup tools on Windows, Linux

• nslookup [Link]
• Conversion “name⇔ IP address”

C:\>nslookup [Link]
Server:
Address: [Link]

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: [Link]
Address: [Link]

C:\>

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 ARP Conversion of Mac and IP
addresses

• Address Resolution Protocol

• MAC and IP are both used for identifying a NIC.
• ARP allows to find MAC address from IP address

32bit IP address

ARP RARP

48bit MAC address

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Example: ARP table (on Windows)

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>arp -a

IP address
Interface: [Link] --- 0x2
Internet Address Physical Address Type
[Link] 00-02-cf-75-a1-68 dynamic
[Link] 08-00-1F-B2-A1-A3 dynamic

C:\Documents and Settings\hongson>

MAC address

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Summary

Layer architecture
Why layering
Model TCP/IP vs. Model OSI
Encapsulation, PDU. SAP
Addressing on Internet
Adress IP, MAC, domain name, port
Address conversion

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Quizz

• What do the following objects identify

• IP address
• Transport port
• Mac address
• Domain name
• What identifies uniquely an application.
• IP of the host running the application?
• Transport port of the application?

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