Effect of different

management practices
on soil organic carbon
and its stability
Presenter
Prabhsimran
Singh
L-2021-a134-M Major advisor
Dr. g.s. dheri
Climate change and
global warming What
does it
mean?
GHGs
contain
CO2(76%),
CH4 (16%),
N2 O
(6.20%),
Fluorinated
gas (2%)
1880- Global surface temperature - heat map by NASA 2
 Global CO2 emissions

Global atmospheric CO2 PRESENT CONCENTRATION OF

concentration (ppm) ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE:

422
ppm 3
Source: Our World in Data
India has targeted to
cut its emissions to net
zero by 2070

4
 OK,
NOW
WHAT?
5
Is our soil do anything in this ?
Soil may act as
sink and source
of
Ecosystemcarbon
includes forests,
soils and wetlands, which act
as significant C sinks, they
sequestered 3.5 ± 0.7 Gt C per
year … Global C budget 2019
Capacity of agricultural soils
for sequestering C is up to
1.2 billion tonnes per year…
IPCC2014
Source: Our World in Data 6
 The
global
carbon
budget

Friedlingstein et al. 2022

 Carbon
sequestration
▸ Carbon sequestration implies transferring
atmospheric CO2 into long-lived C pools and
storing it securely so that it not immediately
re-emitted (Lal, 2016)
▸ In the agricultural sense, C sequestration
refers to the net removal of atmospheric CO2
by plants and its storage in the soil as SOM 8
 0.1% BD 1.5 Mg m-3
Depth 15 cm
OC OC

𝑆𝑂𝐶ሺ %ሻ × 𝐵𝐷 ሺ 𝑀𝑔 𝑚−3ሻ × 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑚) × 10000

0.30% 0.40%
𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 ( 𝑀𝑔 ℎ𝑎 ) =
−1
100

Initial SOC Stock = 6.75 Present SOC stock= 9

𝐶𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ሺ 𝑀𝑔 ℎ𝑎−1ሻ = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑂𝐶𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘

C Sequestration = 2.25

Sequestration = 8.25

9
Management practices influencing
soil organic carbon
• Tillage practices
• Crop diversification
• Organic and inorganic fertilization
10
 CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE SYSTEM ZERO TILLAGE SYSTEM
LESS CARBON INPUT MORE CARBON OUTPUT MORE CARBON INPUT MORE CARBON OUTPUT

FREQUENT DISTRUBANCE MINIMUM DISTRUBANCE

LOSS OF CARBON RICH FAST ORGANIC

LESS DISTURBANCE OF
Tillage MACRO-AGGRGATES MATTER
DECOMPOSITION
AGGREGATES
THROUH OXIDATION
practices
INCREASE OF CARBON GREATER PHYSICAL
DEPLETED MICRO- PROTECTION OF CARBON
AGGREGATES IN MACRO-AGGREGATES

SOIL ACT AS CARBON SOURCE SOIL ACT AS CARBON SINK

LESS CARBON SEQUESTRATION MORE CARBON SEQUESTRATION

11
Singh et al 2022
 Effect of different tillage practices on organic
carbon, carbon stock and carbon sequestration rate
C stock (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.21)
OC (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.12)
16 LSD (p=0.05)=0.1
0.7
15 15.2 15 15.2
14.8
OC ( g kg-1) and C stock ( Mg ha-1)

14.6 14.6 0.6 (143%) (95%) (65%)

C sequestration (Mg ha-1 yr-1)

7.4 7.3 7.2 7.4 0.51 0.51
7.1 7.1 0.5
7

6 0.41
0.4
5 0.31
0.3
4
0.21 0.21
3 0.2

2
0.1
1
0.0
0
CT NT CT NT CT NT
CT NT CT NT CT NT
Flat Bed Ridge and Furrow Raised Bed
Flat Bed Ridge and Furrow Raised Bed
Treatment
Location: Tripura, India
Duration: 2 Years 12
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Reconstructed from Yadav et al. 2021
 Soil organic carbon under different tillage
and residue management
Location: Kanpur, UP India
Duration: 7 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam
11%

21%
25%

13
Reconstructed from Kumar et al. 2019
 Effect of tillage practices on TSOC, SOC
after 5 years of rice-wheat cropping system
0-7.5 cm 7.5-15 cm
15
SOC a SOC
16 TSOC a
TSOC 14
b ab

TSOC and SOC (g kg-1)

c
SOC and TSOC ( g kg-1)

15 13
b
a
3
b
3 a
c
2 b
2
c

1
1

0 0
Conventional tillage Zero tillage without crop Zero tillage with crop Conventional tillage Zero tillage without crop Zero tillage with crop
without crop residues residues residues without crop residues residues residues

Location: Ludhiana, India

Duration: 5 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Reconstructed from Sharma et al. 202014
 diversified
cropping system
 Comparison of diversified cropping systems with rice-
wheat system in relation to SOC and TSOC
a 10
5
a
b b c
c d
4 8

TSOC ( g kg-1)
SOC (g kg-1)

3 6

2 4

1 2

0 0
Rice Wheat Rice Chickpea Rice-Chickpea Mungbean Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Chickpea
Treatments Mungbean Rice Chickpea
Treatments
Location: Kanpur, India Reconstructed from Location: Kanpur, India Reconstructed from
Duration: 7 Years Kumar et al. 2019 Duration: 13 Years Nath et al. 2019
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Soil Type: Sandy Loam 16
 Comparison of diversified cropping systems with maize-
wheat system in relation to TSOC and SOC
20 5
a a a
18 a
16 b 4 ab
14
bc
TSOC (g kg-1)

12 c

SOC (g kg-1)
3

10

8
2
6

4
1
2

0
Maize Wheat Maize Wheat Maize Wheat Pigeonpea 0
Maize Mungbean Wheat Maize Wheat Maize Wheat Maize Wheat Pigeonpea Wheat
Chickpea Mungbean Maize Chickpea
Treatments
Treatments Treatment

Location: UP, India Reconstructed from Location: Kanpur, India Reconstructed from Venka
Duration: 13 Years Hazra et al. 2019 Duration: 10 Years et al. 2013
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Soil Type: Sandy Loam 17
 Duration: 13 Years
Location: UP, India

Soil Type: Sandy Loam

labile C

Reconstructed from Brar et al. 2015

Effect of cropping
systems on SOC and

SOC (g kg-1)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

c
c

Rice - Wheat
f
d

Maize - Wheat

Maize - Wheat -
d
e

Summermung

Maize - Potato -
e
h

Summermung

Maize - Potato -
i
e

Onion
c
d

Cotton - Wheat

Cotton -
c
b

Africansarson

Cotton -
c
b

Gobisarson
Groundnut -
b
a

Toria -
Gobisarson
groundnut -
e
g

Potato - Bajra
SOC

Fallow
labile C

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800

Labile C (mg kg-1)

18
Organic and
inorganic
fertization
 Long-term fertilizer management effects on SOC
and SOC Stock in maize-wheat system
0-15 cm
138% SOC ( g kg-1) SOC stock ( Mg ha-1)
19%
20
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 10 15 20 25
SOC
8
SOC stock
18
a
7 0-15 0-15
ab
b
16
19% 15%

SOC stock (Mg ha-1)

6 14
SOC (g kg-1)

5 12
15-30 15-30
4
c cd 10 24% 19%
a
d

Depths (cm)
b

Depths (cm)
bc 8
3
6
2 d d 30-60
e 4 18% 30-60

1 2
Control
N
0 0 NP Control
Control N NP NPK 150% NPK NPK + FYM N
60-90 NPK 60-90 NP

Treatments 29% 150% NPK

NPK + FYM
24% NPK
150% NPK
NPK + FYM
Cropping system : Maize-Wheat
Location: IARI, New Delhi

Reconstructed from Ghosh et al. 2018 20

Duration: 44 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam
 Carbon accumulation rate and carbon sequestration rate
under long-term fertilizer conditions in maize-wheat
0-90 cm

SOC sequestration rate ( kg C ha-1 year-1)

800 SOC accumulation rate 745 kg ha-1 NPK + FYM
a
SOC sequestration rate
yr-1
700 b
SOC accumulation rate and 600 529 kg ha-1
SOC accumulation
yr-1 c 30% rate in 30-90 cm =
406 kg ha-1 yr-1
500
(54% of total)
400 31% C sequestration
rate in 30-90 cm =
300 224 kg ha-1 77.1 kg ha-1 yr-1
d
167 kg ha-1 b yr-1 a (34% of total)
200
yr-1 c
e
100 c
d
0
N NP NPK 150% NPK NPK + FYM
Cropping system : Maize-Wheat
Location: IARI, New Delhi Treatments
Duration: 44 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Reconstructed from Ghosh et al. 201821
 Effects of different organic and inorganic fertilization on
SOC, SOC stock and C sequestration in rice-wheat system
SOC ( g kg-1)
10 1 2 3 4 5
9 SOC a
Total C a
Sequestration
8
b 8 0-15

Sequestration (Mg c ha-1)

7
SOC/ TSOC (g kg-1)

c
6
d 6
a a a
5 a a 15-30

Depths (cm)
b
4 b
b 4
c
3
30-60
2 c
2

C
1 Control
NPK
0 0 NPK+ GM
60-100
Control NPK NPK+ GM NPK + SI NPK+ FYM NPK + SI
NPK+ FYM
Treatments
Cropping system : Rice-Wheat
Location: PAU, Ludhiana
Duration: 18 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam 22
Reconstructed from Chaudhary et al. 2017
 TSOC and SOC stock under long-term manure application
in soybean-wheat system
0-15 cm
1.2 a

1.0
45%
b 25%
0.8 c 40
TOC (%)

cd d 0-30 cm
d
0.6 a
35
0.4
30 b

SOC stock (Mg ha-1)

0.2

0.0 25 c c
0.8 NPKM NPK NP N UC F c c
15- 30 cm Treatments
0.7 20
a
0.6
b 15
TOC (%)

0.5 b
c c c
0.4
10
0.3
0.2 5
0.1
0.0 0
NPKM NPK NP N UC F NPKM NPK NP N UC F
Treatments Treatments
Location: Jabalpur, MP
Duration: 43 Years
Cropping system : Soybean-Wheat Soil Type: Sandy Loam Reconstructed from Wankhede et al. 2021 23
 Carbon accumulation rate under long-term manure
application in soybean-wheat system
2.4 times 5.4 times
250 80
greater 0-15 cm greater 15-30 cm
61.95 a
SOC accumulatio rate (kg ha-1 yr-1)

SOC accumulatio rate (kg ha-1 yr-1)

200 194.02 a 60

40
150

20
100
82.5 b 11.4 b
0
50

14.09 c -20
0
-14.37 d -31.92 c
-21.8 d -40
-38.76 c -36.98 c
-50
NPKM NPK NP N UC NPKM NPK NP N UC
Treatments Treatments
Cropping system : Soybean-Wheat
Location: Jabalpur, MP
Duration: 43 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam
Reconstructed from Wankhede et al. 2021
24
Stabilization
of soil
organic
Aggregate stabilization and carbon sequestration

26
(Constructed from Blanco and Lal, 2004)
 27
(Constructed from Dheri and Nazir, 2021)
 Impact of tillage practices on soil aggregate size distribution
and aggregate associated C in rice-wheat cropping system
Treatment >2000 µm 250-2000 µm 53-250 µm <53 µm
0-5 cm
CT 10.4b 28b 25.5a 36.1a Aggregate size
ZT 13.6a 33.5a 23.5a 23.5b distribution (g g-1 )
5-15 cm
CT 7.8b 22.5a 30.6a 39.1a
ZT 9a 25a 28.7a 37.3a
Treatment >2000 µm 250-2000 µm 53-250 µm <53 µm
0-5 cm
CT 12.4b 10.5a 7.8a 6a
Aggregate ZT 14.1a 10.8a 8.3a 6.5a
associated C (g kg-1 ) 5-15 cm
CT 9.4a 8.2a 6.4a 5.7a
Location: Uttaranchal, UP India ZT 9.8a 8.7a 6.9a 5.9a
Duration: 9 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Clay Loam 28
Reconstructed from Bhattacharya et al. 2012
 Structural Indices under different tillage and
residue management systems In rice wheat system
Treatment Water stable Water stable Aggregate ratio Mean weight
macro- micro- diameter
aggregates aggregates (g (mm)
(g 100 g-1) 100 g-1)

0-20 cm
CT-R 68.4d 31.6a 2.33c 0.92c
ZT-R 74.2b 25.8c 3.08b 1.01b
CT+R 69.9c 30.1b 3.51b 0.94c
ZT+R 77.3a 13% 22.7d 4.26a 1.21a

Location: Kanpur, UP, India

Duration: 7 Years
29
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Kumar et al. 2019
 Aggregate associated carbon (g kg-1 )under different
tillage and residue management systems in rice-wheat
Treatment Coarse Meso- Coarse Silt + clay
macro- aggregated micro- carbon
aggregated carbon aggregated
carbon carbon
0-20 cm
CT-R 5.48b 3.53c 2.61c 2.81d
ZT-R 6.27ab 4.19b 3.80a 3.85b
CT+R 6.05b 4.36b 3.11b 3.32c
ZT+R 7.03a 28% 4.89a 39% 3.92a 50% 4.08a 45%

Location: Kanpur, UP, India

Duration: 7 Years
30
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Kumar et al. 2019
 Effect of tillage practices on carbon pools at surface and
subsurface soil layers after 5 years of rice-wheat system
Very labile C
7.5-15 cm

%
10.2
0-7.5 cm Very labile C Labile C
Labile C Less labile C
Less labile C Nonlabile C
12 Nonlabile C 10 a
a
b
b b
10
8
b

8
6

g kg-1
g kg-1

33%
4
%
7.9
4

3.6%
a a a
b b 2
b a
2 a
b a
b b
c b b a a a
0 0
Conventional tillage Zero tillage without Zero tillage with crop Conventional tillage Zero tillage without Zero tillage with crop
without crop residues crop residues residues without crop residues crop residues residues
Treatments Treatments
31
Location: Ludhiana, India, Duration: 5 Years, Soil Type: Sandy Loam Sharma et al. 2020
 Effect of live mulch based conservation tillage on various C
fractions, LI, CPI and CMI in summer maize-rainy maize-lentil
LI (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.04)
VLC (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.22) CMI (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.09)
LC (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.22) CPI (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.01)
2.5 LLC (LSD (p=0.05)= NS)
2.32 NLC (LSD (p=0.05)= 0.26)
1.62 2.8
2.2 1.6 1.58 1.6
2.12
1.6 1.55
2.08
2.0 1.37 1.36
2.4
1.86 1.83 1.8 1.8 1.29
1.72 1.25 1.26
1.68 1.68
VLC (g kg-1)

1.2 2.0
1.54 1.511.51 1.82 1.84
1.79

LI and CMI
1.5 1.39 1.41
1.48
1.41 1.42
1.6

CPI
1.26

0.8
1.0 1.2

0.86
0.81
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.4

0.0 0.0
0.0
NT NT+ LM RT RT+LM CT
NT NT+ LM RT RT+LM CT
Treatments
Treatments
Location: Tripura, India LM-Live mulch
Duration: 3 Years (Cowpea) 32
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Yadav et al. 2021
 Structural Indices under different cropping systems
Treatment Water stable Water stable micro- Aggregate Mean weight
macro-aggregates aggregates (%) ratio diameter (mm)
(%)
RW 65.7c 34.3a 2.04b 0.9c
RC 70.1b 29.9b 2.57b 0.96b
RCMb 81.7a 18.3c 5.28a 1.21a
Aggregated associated C (g kg-1 ) under different cropping systems
Treatment Coarse macro- Meso- Coarse micro- Silt + clay
aggregated carbon aggregated aggregated carbon
carbon carbon
RW 4.92b 3.86b 3.27a 2.88c
RC 6.69a 4.44a 3.33a 3.35b
RCMb 7.02a 4.43a 3.49a 4.31a
Location: Kanpur, India
Duration: 7 Years
33
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Kumar et al. 2019
 Structural Indices under different cropping systems
Treatment Water stable Water stable micro- Aggregate Mean weight
macro-aggregates aggregates (%) ratio diameter (mm)
(%)
RW 49.9d 50.1a 1.52d 0.78c
RWMb 64.8a 35.2d 2.78a 1.01a
RWRC 50.3c 49.7b 1.94c 0.87b
RC 57.0b 43.0c 2.60b 0.90b

Aggregated associated carbon (g kg-1 ) under different cropping systems

Treatments C MacA MesA CMicA Silt+ Clay
RW 6b 5.2c 3.8c 3c
RWMb 7.6a 7.1a 4.4a 4.1a
RWRC 6.4b 5.2c 4.1b 2.9b
RC 7.5a 6.1b 4.5a 2.7b

Location: Kanpur, India

Duration: 13 Years 34
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Nath et al. 2019
 Structural Indices under different cropping systems

Treatment C MacA MesA CMicA Silt+ Clay

(g 100 g-1) (g 100 g-1) (g 100 g-1) (g 100 g-1)
MW 3.01c 34.5b 54.4a 8.09b
MWMb 3.89b 55.3a 31.3b 9.51a
MWMC 2.80c 57.9a 29.4bc 10.1a
PW 5.04a 58.6a 26.4c 9.86a

Aggregated associated carbon (g kg-1 ) under different cropping systems

Treatments C MacA MesA CMicA Silt+ Clay
MW 4.35d 3.33b 2.31c 2.63d
MWMb 5.87b 4.32a 2.99b 2.8c
MWMC 5.37c 4.12a 2.83b 3.12b
PW 6.57a 4.26a 3.65a 3.26a
Location: UP, India
Duration: 13 Years 35
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Hazra et al. 2019
 Soil carbon fractions under different cropping
systems
VL-C L-C LL-C NL-C
2.5

a
2.0 b
a
c
Carbon Fractions (g kg-1)

b a
c
1.5 b
b
a
b
1.0
c

0.5

0.0
Rice Wheat Rice Chickpea Rice-Chickpea Mungbean

Location: Kanpur, India Treatments

Duration: 7 Years
36
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Kumar et al. 2019
 Soil carbon fractions; and carbon management
index under different cropping systems
3.5
VLC (LSD (p=0.05)=0.2)
LC (LSD (p=0.05)=0.21)
LLC (LSD (p=0.05)=0.29)
3.0 2.9 NLC (LSD (p=0.5)=0.1) LSD (p=0.05)= 5.2
2.78 120
113.7 111.5 113.4
Carbon Fractions ( g kg-1)

2.65 106
2.55 2.59
2.5 2.43 2.44 2.45 100
2.34
2.23 2.23
2.1 80

CMI
2.0
60

1.5 40
1.32
1.26
1.18 20

1.0 0.98
0
RW RWMb RWRC RC

0.5 Treatments

0.0
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Chickpea
Location: Kanpur, India Mungbean Rice Chickpea
Duration: 13 Years Treatments
37
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Nath et al. 2019
 Soil carbon fractions and soil organic carbon
under different cropping systems
Very labile C
2.4 Labile C
Less Labile C
2.2 Non Labile C

2.0
VLC/ LC/ LLC/ NLC (g kg-1)

1.8 a
a
1.6 ab
ab
1.4 bc bc
c c
1.2

1.0 a
a a
b b
0.8 c b

0.6 c
0.4

0.2

0.0
Maize Wheat Maize Wheat Maize Wheat Pigeonpea Wheat
Mungbean Maize Chickpea
Treatment
Location: UP, India
Duration: 13 Years
38
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Hazra et al. 2019
 Long-term fertilizer effects on aggregate size distribution and aggregate
associated SOC
Treatments Macro-aggregates Micro-aggregates Silt + Clay
(g 100 g-1) (g 100 g-1) (g 100 g-1)
Control 48.26b 33.23a 18.50a
N 51.34b 37.33a 11.33b
NP 57.27a 30.60a 12.13b
NPK 60.30a 27.20b 12.50b
150% NPK 62.47a 24.10b 13.43b
NPK + FYM 62.17a 29% 34.64a 27% 3.20c

Treatments Macro-aggregates-C Micro-aggregates-C

(g kg-1) (g kg-1)

Control 4.10f 2.98e

N 5.00e 3.78d
NP 6.20d 4.66c
NPK 7.60c 5.38b
150% NPK 8.60b 6.35a
NPK + FYM
Cropping system : Maize-Wheat 9.10a 6.69a
Location: IARI, New Delhi
Duration: 44 Years 39
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Ghosh et al. 2018
 Aggregate size-distribution and aggregate
associated carbon under long-term manure
application

Cropping system : Soybean-Wheat

Location: Jabalpur, MP
Duration: 43 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam 40
Wankhede et al. 2021
Impact of manuring on aggregates formation and stabilization and hence
carbon storage

41
Singh et al 2022
 Long-term fertilizer application effects on KMnO4 -C,
POM-C , MBC and CMI Indices
0.5
2.5
KMnO4-C
1.75 POM-C CPI
140
LI
MBC a CMI
KMnO4- C and POM-C ( g kg-1)

1.50 0.4
2.0 120

1.25
a
100
a

MBC (g kg-1)
0.3 a b
b 1.5

CPI and LI
b b c b c
1.00 80

CMI
d
d
0.75 0.2 1.0 c c a c 60
b b

0.50 c 40
c c
d 0.1 0.5 d
0.25 20

0.00
f c e d d b c b b b a a 0.0 0.0 0
Control N NP NPK 150% NPK NPK + FYM Control N NP NPK 150% NPK NPK + FYM

Treatments Treatments
A

Cropping system : Maize-Wheat

Location: IARI, New Delhi
Duration: 44 Years 42
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Ghosh et al. 2018
 Effects of different organic and inorganic
4.0
fertilization on carbon fractions
C frac1
Labile C
3.5
C frac2 a a a
1400 POC
C frac3 HWSC a
b

Labile C/ POC/ HWSC ( mg kg-1)

Cfrac4 b
Carbon Fraction (g kg-1)

3.0 1200 b
c
c c
a a a 1000
2.5
e c
2.0 a 800
b d d
b
a b 600
a
1.5 b
d
c a a c
cd 400 d
1.0 d
b e
0.5 b 200

0
0.0 Control NPK NPK+ GM NPK + SI NPK+ FYM
Control NPK NPK+ GM NPK + SI NPK+ FYM
Treatments
Treatments
Cropping system : Rice-Wheat
Location: PAU, Ludhiana
Duration: 18 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Reconstructed Chaudhary et al. 2017 43
 Effects of organic amendments on TSOC and C
fractions TOC
F1 F2
KMnO4-C F3 F4
12
a 1600
5
a
b a
10 1400

Carbon fractions (Mg C ha -1)

c b
4
d 1200

KMnO4(kg C ha-1)
TOC (Mg C ha -1)

8 b b
1000
c
3 d
6 c 800
a

2 b
4 600 b
a a
400 c a
a a a
2 1
200
b b
0 0 0
CK FYM RS FYM+ RS CK FYM RS FYM+ RS
Treatments Treatment

Cropping system : Rice-Wheat

Location: PAU, Ludhiana
Duration: 16 Years
Soil Type: Sandy Loam Reconstructed Benbi et al. 2015 44
 CPMAS 13 C NMR Spectra of soil under long-
term fertilization
Treatments Alkyl C O-Alkyl-C Aromatic- Carbonyl- AI HI A/OA
(0- 45 (45-110 C (110-160 C (160-220
ppm) ppm) ppm) ppm)

(a) CK 2.1 18.0 25.2 42.3 0.56 0.45 0.12

(b) NPK 4.0 20.5 44.6 53.1 0.65 0.66 0.20
(c) NPKM 4.1 13.7 32.5 42.5 0.65 0.65 0.30

CK NPK NPKM

Cropping system : Maize-Wheat

Location: Hunan province, China
Duration: 18 Years
Soil Type: Clay Mustafa et al. 2021 45
 CONCLUSIONS
 Soil is the biggest reserve of C, and a minor change in SOC
significantly influences atmospheric CO2 concentration
 Stable C pool is an indicator for estimation of C sequestration
potential, while the labile C pool is an indicator for short-term
changes in C and is sensitive to management practices
 Tillage affects SOC sequestration process in aggregates, although
the extent of the disturbance varies. No tillage and reduced tillage
result in lower macro-aggregate turnover and hence more C
sequestration than conventional tillage
 Similarly diversifying cropping pattern toward legume crops
influences soil aggregation and as a result, SOC storage
 Nutrient management with organic manures improves soil quality
and SOC pools
 The changes in the recalcitrant C fractions of SOC are more46
Thank
s!