VALUES, ETHICS
AND MORALS
CFLM1
VALUES
Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide or
motivate attitudes or actions.
It helps people to determine what is important to
themselves.
Values describe the personal qualities we choose to
embody to guide our actions; the sort of person we want
to be; the manner in which we treat ourselves and
others, and our interaction with the world around us.
It provides the general guidelines for conduct.
VALUES
Values in a narrow sense is that which is good, desirable,
or worthwhile.
Values are the motive behind purposeful action. They are
the ends to which we act and come in many forms.
WHAT IS IMPORTANT OR
VALUABLE?
Loyalty Spirituality Humility Compassion Honesty
Kindness Integrity Selflessness Determination Generosity
Trustworthines
Courage Tolerance Equanimity Altruism
s
Appreciation Empathy Toughness Self-Reliance Attentiveness
EXAMPLES OF VALUES
ETHICS
“
Values are essential
to ethics ”
Ethics is concerned with human actions, and the choice
of those actions.
Ethics evaluates those actions, and the values that
underlie them. It determines which values should be
pursued, and which shouldn't.
ETHICS, characteristics
What, then, is ethics?
First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that
prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights,
obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
Example: It refers to those standards that impose the
reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault,
slander, and fraud, virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty, relating to
rights such as the right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and
the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics
because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons.
Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's
ethical standards.
ETHICS
“ As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social
norms can deviate from what is ethical. So it
is necessary to constantly examine one's
standards to ensure that they are
”
reasonable and well-founded. Ethics also
means, then, the continuous effort of studying
our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct,
and striving to ensure that we, and the
institutions we help to shape, live up to
standards that are reasonable and solidly-
based.
Raymond Baumhart, Sociologist, stated that ethics are generally
viewed in the society as:
• Equate ethics with their feelings
"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right
or wrong."
• Equate ethics with their Religion
"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs."
• Equate ethics with following the law
"Being ethical is doing what the law requires.“
• Equate ethics with "whatever society accepts.“
"Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society
accepts.“
• Equate ethics with "whatever society accepts.“
THE NEED TO RE-EXAMINE ETHICS FROM TIME
TO TIME (as implied by the second definition)
“
The meaning of "ethics" is
hard to pin down, and the
views many people have ”
about ethics are shaky.
Professional ethics are principles that govern the
behavior of a person or group in a certain environment,
group or society. Like values, professional ethics provide
rules on how a person should act towards other people
and institutions in such an environment.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
From the earliest moments of recorded human
consciousness, the ethical discipline has entailed four
fundamental approaches, often called ethical decision-
making frameworks:
Utilitarian ethics (outcome based)
Deontological ethics (duty based)
Virtue ethics (virtue based)
Communitarian ethics (community based).
FOUR (4) ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
FRAMEWORKS IN PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Honesty
Trustworthiness
Transparency
Accountability
Confidentiality
Objectivity
Respect
Obedience to the law
Loyalty.
EXAMPLES OF PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS
“ Unlike values, professional ethics are often
codified as a set of rules, which a particular
group of people use.
This means that all those in a particular group
will use the same professional ethics, even
though their values may be unique to each
person. ”
MORALS
Morals are rules or principles that a person may apply in
daily life that are fundamentally founded on what is
considered right or wrong.
They have a general basis in a person's belief in this
respect and dictate daily choices that a person may make.
Morals are therefore not governed by legality or imposed
rules but rather are internal codes of conduct.
MORALS
Morality refers to the set of standards that enable people
to live cooperatively in groups. It’s what societies
determine to be “right” and “acceptable.”
Sometimes, acting in a moral manner means individuals
must sacrifice their own short-term interests to benefit
society. [Sometimes] Individuals who go against these
standards may be considered immoral.
MORALS
Most morals aren’t fixed. They usually shift and
change over time.
The world is flat
Death penalty
Same-sex relationships
Polygamy, etc
MORALS AND TIME
Morals that transcend time
Be brave
Be fair
Defer to authority
Help your group
Love your family
Return favors
Respect others’ property
MORALS AND TIME
Unmoral
Immoral
Nonmoral
Amoral
COMMON OFFSHOOTS OF THE
WORD MORAL
Unmoral Nonmoral
Unmoral refers to those
having no moral perception. It Nonmoral describes actions
is best used for animals or that are not usually subject to
inanimate objects incapable moral concerns, such as
of considering moral which shirt to wear, vehicle to
concerns, but can also be ride, etc.
used for humans lacking the
same.
COMPARISONS
Amoral Immoral
Amoral implies an Immoral refers to a
awareness of moral conscientious rejection
of typical moral
standards, but a lack standards and has a
of concern for them connotation of evil or
while acting. wrongdoing.
COMPARISONS
Sound moral judgment Moral judgments
Sound moral
judgment is an
integral part of
Moral judgments refer to judgments that have moral
content; they are used to evaluate situations, courses
of action, persons, behavior, etc.
earning and Moral judgment refers to the determination a person
makes about an action (or inaction), motive,
maintaining the situation, or person in relation to standards of
goodness or rightness.
respect of peers for
anybody.
SOUND MORAL JUDGMENT vs MORAL
JUDGMENTS
•Refers to judgments that have moral content; they are used to evaluate
Moral situations, courses of action, persons, behavior, etc.
judgmen •Also refers to the determination a person makes about an action (or
ts inaction), motive, situation, or person in relation to standards of
goodness or rightness.
vs
Sound • Sound moral judgment is an integral part of earning and maintaining the
moral respect of peers for anybody.
judgment
MORAL JUDGMENT vs SOUND MORAL JUDGMENTS
A moral dilemma exists when available choices
and obligations do not allow for moral outcomes.
In such instances, a choice or an action is
anticipated or required, and all of the available
alternatives violate some moral obligation.
MORAL DILEMMA
truth versus loyalty
individual versus community
short term versus long term
justice versus virtue.A
FOUR PATTERNS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
(Kinder, 2005)
“ Tothebe“little
ethical is not simply to resort to
voice” inside. Rather, it
requires your conscience-critical
thinking [reason], with moral
judgement [discernment]. ”
Articles
Velasquez, M et al. (2010) “What is Ethics?”, Ethics IIE V1 N1 (Fall
1987). Revised in 2010.
Walker, P. & Lovat, T. (2017)Should we be talking about Ethics or Morals?,
Ethics and Behavoir 27(5).
Knapp, S. et al. (2020) The Ethics Code Does Not Equal Ethics: A Response to
O’Donohue, Ethics and Behavoir 19(6).
Links
[Link]
[Link]
http://
[Link]/jdownloads/PNP%20DOCTRINES/ethical_doctrine_2014_edition.pdf
retrieved January 2022
REFERENCES
THANK YOU!
