Transformation
What is Transformation?
• Objects are need to be move, rotate, enlarge or reduce
to make it virtual or real. This kind of alteration or
manipulation process of object is called a transformation.
• Transformation is performing using some basic
geometric so it is called as a geometric transformation.
Translation
• It is the straight line movement of an object from
one position to another is called Translation. Here the
object is positioned from one coordinate location to
another.
• Translation of point:
To translate a point from coordinate position (x, y) to
another (x1 y1), we add algebraically the translation
distances Tx and Ty to original coordinate.
x1=x+Tx
y1=y+Ty
The translation pair (Tx,Ty) is called as shift vector.
• Translation is a movement of objects without
deformation. Every position or point is translated by
the same amount. When the straight line is translated,
then it will be drawn using endpoints.
• For translating polygon, each vertex of the polygon
is converted to a new position.
• Similarly, curved objects are translated.
• To change the position of the circle its center
coordinates are transformed, then the object is drawn
using new coordinates.
Let P is a point with coordinates (x, y). It will be translated
as (x1 y1).
Matrix for Translation:
Scaling
• It is used to alter or change the size of objects. The
change is done using scaling factors.
• There are two scaling factors, i.e. Sx in x direction
Sy in y-direction. If the original position is x and y.
Scaling factors are Sx and Sy then the value of
coordinates after scaling will be x’ and y’.
X Y X‘ Y’
If scaling factors are higher than one, then the size of
the object will be enlarged.
Enlargement: If T1= ,If (x1 y1)is original position
and T1is translation vector then (x2 y2) are
coordinated after scaling
If scaling factors are less than one, then the size of the
object will be reduced.
Reduce: If T1= ,If (x1 y1)is original position and
T1is translation vector then (x2 y2) are coordinated
after scaling
Matrix for Scaling:
Rotation
It is a process of changing the angle of the object.
Rotation can be clockwise or anticlockwise. For rotation,
we have to specify the angle of rotation and rotation point.
Rotation point is also called a pivot point.
Types of Rotation:
• Anticlockwise
• Counterclockwise
The positive value of the pivot point (rotation angle)
rotates an object in a counter-clockwise (anti-clockwise)
direction.
The negative value of the pivot point (rotation angle)
rotates an object in a clockwise direction.
When the object is rotated, then every point of
the object is rotated by the same angle.
Straight Line: Straight Line is rotated by the
endpoints with the same angle and redrawing the
line between new endpoints.
Polygon: Polygon is rotated by shifting every
vertex using the same rotational angle.
Curved Lines: Curved Lines are rotated by
repositioning of all points and drawing of the
curve at new positions.
Circle: It can be obtained by center position by the
specified angle.
Matrix for rotation is a clockwise direction.
Matrix for rotation is an anticlockwise direction.
Matrix for homogeneous co-ordinate rotation (clockwise)
Matrix for homogeneous co-ordinate rotation (anticlockwise)
Rotation about an arbitrary point
If we want to rotate an object or point about an arbitrary
point, first of all, we translate the point about which we
want to rotate to the origin. Then rotate point or object
about the origin, and at the end, we again translate it to
the original place. We get rotation about an arbitrary
point.
B
(0,0)
A. Rotation about Arbitrary points
B
A
(0,0)
B. Translation
B
A
(0,0)
C. Anti clock Rotation
B
(0,0)
D. Translation to Original Place
Homogeneous Coordinates
The rotation of a point, straight line or an entire image on
the screen, about a point other than origin, is achieved by
first moving the image until the point of rotation
occupies the origin, then performing rotation, then finally
moving the image to its original position.
The moving of an image from one place to another in a
straight line is called a translation. A translation may be
done by adding or subtracting to each point, the amount,
by which picture is required to be shifted.
Translation of point by the change of coordinate cannot
be combined with other transformation by using simple
matrix application. Such a combination is essential if we
wish to rotate an image about a point other than origin
by translation, rotation again translation.
To combine these three transformations into a single
transformation, homogeneous coordinates are used. In
homogeneous coordinate system, two-dimensional
coordinate positions (x, y) are represented by triple-
coordinates.
Homogeneous coordinates are generally used in design
and construction applications. Here we perform
translations, rotations, scaling to fit the picture into
proper position.
Reflection
It is a transformation which produces a mirror image of
an object. The mirror image can be either about x-axis or
y-axis. The object is rotated by180°.
Types of Reflection:
1. Reflection about the x-axis
2. Reflection about the y-axis
3. Reflection about an axis perpendicular to xy plane
and passing through the origin
4. Reflection about line y=x
1. Reflection about x-axis: The object can be reflected
about x-axis with the help of the following matrix
In this transformation value of x will remain same whereas
the value of y will become negative. Following figures
shows the reflection of the object axis. The object will lie
another side of the x-axis.
2. Reflection about y-axis: The object can be reflected
about y-axis with the help of following transformation
matrix
Here the values of x will be reversed, whereas the
value of y will remain the same. The object will lie
another side of the y-axis. The following figure shows
the reflection about the y-axis
3. Reflection about an axis perpendicular to xy plane
and passing through origin:
In the matrix of this transformation is given below
In this value of x and y both will be reversed. This is also
called as half revolution about the origin.
4. Reflection about line y=x: The object may be
reflected about line y = x with the help of following
transformation matrix
Shearing
It is transformation which changes the shape of object.
The sliding of layers of object occur. The shear can be in
one direction or in two directions.
Shearing in the X-direction: In this horizontal shearing
sliding of layers occur. The homogeneous matrix for
shearing in the x-direction is shown below:
Shearing in the Y-direction: Here shearing is done by
sliding along vertical or y-axis.
Shearing in X-Y directions: Here layers will be slided
in both x as well as y direction. The sliding will be in
horizontal as well as vertical direction. The shape of the
object will be distorted. The matrix of shear in both
directions is given by:
