Chapter 1
Introductio
n
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Computer Networking: A
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Top-Down Approach
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Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
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Introduction: 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
Get “feel,” “big picture,” What is the Internet?
introduction to terminology What is a protocol?
• more depth, detail later in Network edge: hosts, access network,
course
physical media
Approach:
Network core: packet/circuit switching,
• use Internet as example internet structure
Performance: loss, delay, throughput
Security
Protocol layers, service models
History
Introduction: 1-2
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
hosts = end systems
running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”
Packet switches: forward
local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
fiber, copper, radio, satellite network
transmission rate: bandwidth
Networks enterprise
collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Introduction: 1-3
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
mobile network
4G
Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP
• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
local or
messages regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
home network
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet content
provider
Internet standards HTTP network datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
Force enterprise
network
WiFi
Introduction: 1-4
The Internet: a “service” view
Infrastructure that provides mobile network
services to applications: national or global ISP
• Web, streaming video, multimedia
teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
home network content
provider
HTTP network datacenter
network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-5
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
“what’s the time?” computers (devices) rather than humans
“I have a question” all communication activity in Internet
introductions governed by protocols
… specific messages sent
Protocols define the format, order of
… specific actions taken
when message received, messages sent and received among
or other events network entities, and actions taken
on msg transmission, receipt
Introduction: 1-6
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET [Link]
2:00
<file>
time
Q: other human protocols?
Introduction: 1-7
A closer look at Internet
structure
mobile network
Network edge: national or global ISP
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-8
A closer look at Internet
structure
mobile network
Network edge: national or global ISP
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP
wired, wireless communication links home network content
provider
network datacenter
network
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-9
A closer look at Internet
structure
mobile network
Network edge: national or global ISP
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP
wired, wireless communication links home network content
provider
network datacenter
Network core:
network
interconnected routers
network of networks enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-10
Access networks and physical
media
Q: How to connect end systems mobile network
to edge router?
national or global ISP
residential access nets
institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP
What to look for: home network content
provider
network
transmission rate (bits per second) of access datacenter
network
network?
shared or dedicated access among users?
enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-11
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in
different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-12
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka “access point”
Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks
(WLANs) provided by mobile, cellular network
typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) 10’s Mbps
802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 4G cellular networks (5G available
Mbps transmission rate now)
to Internet
to Internet
Introduction: 1-13
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, known two packets,
as packets, of length L bits L bits each
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate
packet time needed to L (bits)
transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Introduction: 1-14
Links: physical media
bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs two insulated copper wires
physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-15
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
two concentric copper conductors glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
Bidirectional- operates or moves in high-speed operation:
two opposite directions.
• high-speed point-to-point
broadband: transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• multiple frequency channels on cable low error rate:
• 100’s Mbps per channel • repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise
Introduction: 1-16
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
signal carried in terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic spectrum • up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical “wire” Wireless LAN (WiFi)
• Up to 100’s Mbps
broadcast and “half-duplex” wide-area (e.g., cellular)
(sender to receiver)
• 4G cellular: ~ 10’s Mbps
propagation environment satellite
effects: • up to 45 Mbps per channel
• reflection • 270 msec end-end delay
• obstruction by objects
• interference
Introduction: 1-17
Chapter 1: roadmap
What is the Internet?
What is a protocol?
Network edge: hosts, access
network, physical media
Network core: packet/circuit
switching, internet structure
Performance: loss, delay, throughput
Security
Protocol layers, service models
History
Introduction: 1-18
The network core
mesh of interconnected mobile network
national or global ISP
routers
packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages
into packets local or
regional ISP
• forward packets from one router home network content
to the next, across links on path provider
network datacenter
from source to destination network
• each packet transmitted at full
link capacity enterprise
network
Introduction: 1-19
Packet-switching: store-and-
forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to
transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R One-hop numerical example:
bps L = 10 Kbits
Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link one-hop transmission delay
End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero = 0.1 msec
propagation delay (more on delay shortly)
Introduction: 1-20
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM) 4 users
frequency
optical, electromagnetic frequencies
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands
each call allocated its own band, can
transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
frequency
time divided into slots
each call allocated periodic slot(s),
can transmit at maximum rate of
(wider) frequency band, but only time
during its time slot(s)
Introduction: 1-21
How do packet loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packets queue, wait for turn
arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity: packet loss
packet being transmitted (transmission delay)
B
packets in buffers (queueing delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction: 1-22
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay
check bit errors time waiting at output link for transmission
determine output link depends on congestion level of router
typically < msec
Introduction: 1-23
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:
L: packet length (bits) d: length of physical link
R: link transmission rate (bps) s: propagation speed
dtrans = L/R dprop = d/s
dtrans and dprop * Check out the online interactive exercises:
[Link]
very different Introduction: 1-24
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end
system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss
Introduction: 1-25
Introduction: 1-26
Bad guys: malware
malware can get in host from:
• virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing object
(e.g., e-mail attachment)
• worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving object that
gets itself executed
spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites visited, upload
info to collection site
infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for spam or
distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks
Introduction: 1-27
Bad guys: denial of service
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources (server,
bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by
overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target
2. break into hosts
around the network
(see botnet)
target
3. send packets to target
from compromised
hosts
Introduction: 1-28
Bad guys: packet interception
packet “sniffing”:
broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g.,
including passwords!) passing by
A C
src:B dest:A payload
B
Wireshark software used for our end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer
Introduction: 1-29
Bad guys: fake identity
IP spoofing: send packet with false source address
A C
src:B dest:A payload
… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)
Introduction: 1-30
Why layering?
Network Models divide communication functions into layers
• Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI model)
7 layers
• Internet Model (or TCP/IP model)
• 5 layers
Advantages of Layers
• Networking functionality is modular and the software/hardware at any layer
can be more easily substituted
• E.g., substitute wired for wireless at the physical layer
• Easier to troubleshoot or make changes to one layer at a time
Introduction: 1-31
Network Models
OSI Internet
Model
Application Model
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical
Network Models
Layer Purpose Example Protocols / PDU
Standards
5. Application User’s access to network, software to HTTP, SMTP, DNS, FTP, Packet (or Data)
perform work DHCP, IMAP, POP, SSL
4. Transport End-to-End Management TCP, UDP Segment
1. Link application layer to network
2. Segmenting and tracking
3. Flow control
3. Network Deciding where the message goes IP, ICMP Packet
1. Addressing
2. Routing
2. Data Link Move a message from one device to the next Ethernet Frame
1. Controls hardware
2. Formats the message
3. Error checking
1. Physical Transmits the message 100BASE-T, 802.11n
Sender PDU Receiver
Application HTTP Request Packet HTTP Request
Transport TCP HTTP Request Segment TCP HTTP Request
Network IP TCP HTTP Request Packet IP TCP HTTP Request
Data
Link Ethernet
Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Frame Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request
Physical
Sender PDU Receiver
Application HTTP Request Packet HTTP Request
Transport TCP HTTP Request Segment TCP HTTP Request
Network IP TCP HTTP Request Packet IP TCP HTTP Request
Data
Link Ethernet
Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request Frame Ethernet IP TCP HTTP Request
Physical
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network applications
• IMAP, SMTP, HTTP
application
transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
link
Data link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits “on the wire”
Introduction: 1-36
