Heat and Mass Transfer
(ME-322)
Week 6
Prepared by
Dr. Muhammad Jamshaid
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Contact no: 03216350069
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
FE&T, BZU Multan.
Sequence
• Heat Diffusion Equation For Cylindrical and
Spherical coordinates
The heat diffusion Equation
• Consider a homogenous medium within which there is no bulk motion
(advection) and the temperature distribution T(x,y,z) is expressed in
Cartesian coordinates
Fig.2.11 Differential Control Volume, dx dydz, for conduction analysis
in Cartesian Coordinates
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• First define an infinitesimally small control volume, [Link], as
shown in Fig.2.11. and formulate the first law at an instant of time.
• The second step is to consider the energy processes that are relevant
to this control volume.
• In the absence of motion, there are no changes in mechanical energy
and no work being done on the system. Only thermal forms of energy
need to be considered.
• Specifically, if there are temperature gradients, conduction heat
transfer will occur across each of the control surfaces.
• The conduction heat rates perpendicular to each of the control
surfaces at the x-, y- and z-coordinate locations are indicated by the
terms qx , qy and qz respectively.
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• The conduction heat rates at the opposite surfaces can then be
expressed as a Taylor series expansion where , neglecting higher
order terms,
(2.13a)
(2.13b)
(2.13c)
• In words, Equation 2.13a simply states that the x-component of the
heat transfer rate at x + dx is equal to the value of this component at x
plus the amount by which it changes with respect to x times dx.
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• Within the medium there may also be an energy source term
associated with the rate of thermal energy generation. This term is
represented as
(2.14)
• where q is the rate at which energy is generated per unit volume of the
medium (W/m3).
• In addition, changes may occur in the amount of the internal thermal
energy stored by the material in the control volume.
• If the material is not experiencing a change in phase, latent energy
effects are not pertinent, and the energy storage term may be
expressed as
(2.15)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• The last step is to express conservation of energy using the foregoing
rate equations. On a rate basis, the general form of the conservation of
energy requirement is
(1.12c)
• After putting the values, we obtain
(2.16)
• Substituting from Equations 2.13, it follows that
(2.17)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• The conduction heat rates in an isotropic material may be evaluated
from Fourier’s law
(2.18a)
(2.18b)
(2.18c)
• Substituting Equations 2.18 into Equation 2.17 and dividing out the
dimensions of the control volume(dx dy dz), we obtain
(2.19)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• Equation 2.19 is the general form, in Cartesian coordinates, of the
heat diffusion equation.
• This equation, often referred to as the heat equation, provides the
basic tool for heat conduction analysis
• Equation 2.19, therefore states that “at any point in the medium the
net rate of energy transfer by conduction into a unit volume plus the
volumetric rate of thermal energy generation must equal the rate of
change of thermal energy stored within the volume”.
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• It is often possible to work with simplified versions of Equation 2.19.
For example, if the thermal conductivity is constant, the heat equation
is
(2.21)
• where α= k/cp is the thermal diffusivity.
• Additional simplifications of the general form of the heat equation are
often possible. For example, under steady-state conditions, there can
be no change in the amount of energy storage; hence Equation 2.19
reduces to
(2.22)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• Moreover, if the heat transfer is one-dimensional (e.g., in the x-
direction) and there is no energy generation, Equation 2.22 reduces to
(2.23)
• The important implication of this result is that, under steady-state,
one-dimensional conditions with no energy generation, the heat flux is
a constant in the direction of transfer.
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• The heat equation may also be expressed in cylindrical and spherical
coordinates.
• For Cylindrical Coordinates
Fig.2.12 Differential Control Volume, [Link]Φ.dz, for conduction analysis
in Cylindrical Coordinates(r,Φ,z)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• When the del operator of Equation 2.3 is expressed in cylindrical
coordinates, the general form of the heat flux vector and hence of
Fourier’s law is
(2.24)
• Where
(2.25)
• are heat flux components in the radial, circumferential, and axial
directions, respectively.
• Applying an energy balance to the differential control volume of
Figure 2.12, the following general form of the heat equation is
(2.26)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• For Spherical Coordinates,
Fig.2.13 Differential Control Volume, [Link]θ. rsinθdΦ, for conduction analysis
in Spherical Coordinates(r,θ,Φ)
The heat diffusion Equation …Contd.
• In spherical coordinates, the general form of the heat flux vector and
Fourier’s law is
(2.27)
• Where
(2.28)
• are heat flux components in the radial, polar, and azimuthal
directions.
• Applying an energy balance to the differential control volume of
Figure 2.13, the following general form of the heat equation is
(2.29)
The End
