MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and

(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Diagnosis,
Tune Up and
Performance
Testing
Part I

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

PreviouslyCovered!
Preliminary Inspection
Trouble shooting of diesel and petrol engines
Battery
Air cleaner—filter, vacuum lines
Fuel system of diesel engines/inspection
Belts—condition and tension
Hoses—condition
Diesel Electrical System Diagnosis eg. pre-heating system
Cooling system inspection & checkup
Lubrication system inspection & checkup
Engine Analyzer (OBD-II computer and its Components use)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valvetrain Mechanisms
The basic job of the valve train mechenism is to Components
actuate and control the opening and closing of the
inlet and exhaust valves.
It may also operate the air starting valves and
the fuel pumps at appropriate times in the cycle.

In this way any motion of the cam is transferred

to the valve by push rods and rocker arms.
In modern engines valves are operated by hydraulc
actuators!

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve timing

Meaning;
The moment at which the inlet
and outlet valve opens and
closes with reference to the
position of piston and crank
shaft.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve timing

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve timing

Valve overlap
– both valves are open at the same time for some
degrees of crankshaft rotation.
Valve lead
– valve opens some degree before either TDC or
BDC.
Valve lag
– valve closes some degrees after TDC or BDC

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve timing
Opening angle of inlet Valve =......
Closing angle of inlet Valve =......
Opening angle of outlet Valve=.....
Closing angle of outlet Valve=.....
Valve overlap =..............

Functions of valve over lap

For better filling of air or air fuel mixture
For scavenging exhaust gas
To know the direction of any engine(clockwise
/Anticlockwise)
To correct every valve adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve timing

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve timing

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve clearance
Valve clearance is the gap(clearance ) b/n:
Rocker arm and valve tip when the valves are completely
closed(OHV).
Camshaft base cam and shim on top of the valve
steam(OHC).

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Effects of valve clearance

• What if the valve clearance is too small????
• What if the valve clearance is too large????

Too small valve clearance

Early opening and Late closing
Overheat
Inproperclosing @warm eng..
backfire
Gas loss & power drop

Too large valve clearance

 Late opening and Early closing
full open period and flow cross-section are
not obtained
cylinder charge and power output suffer
mechanical loads on the valve
resulting noise

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

?. Excessive valve-train clearance can cause all the

following EXCEPT;
rapid valve-face Wear
valve breakage
valve-train noise
valve burning

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

IGNITION TIMING
Ignition timing is the measurement, in degrees of crankshaft
rotation, of the point at which the spark plugs fire in each of the
cylinders.
It is measured in degrees before or after TDC of the compression stroke.

 If the setting for the ignition timing is 10° BTDC, the spark plug must fire 10°
before each piston reaches TDC.
This only holds true, however, when the engine is at idle speed.

What if ignition timing advanced???

What if ignition timing retarded???
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

IGNITION TIMING
If advanced (BTDC);
ignition and expansion of the fuel in the cylinder will occur too
soon and tend to force the piston down while it is still traveling up.
This causes engine ping/make sound.

If retarded, (ATDC);

Piston will have already passed TDC and started on its way down when
the fuel is ignited.
This will cause the piston to be forced down for only a portion of
its travel,
Will result in poor engine performance as well as a lack of
power Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Measuring Timing

Using a timing light is the most common

method
Connect the timing light to the battery and
#1 spark plug wire
Idle the engine in “base timing” or with the
distributor vacuum hose disconnected,
where applicable
Aim the light at the timing marks on the
engine

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Timing Light

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Timing Light Connection

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Timing Light Use

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Timing Adjustment

Loosen the distributor

Remove the distributor vacuum hose
Shine the timing light on the timing marks
Turn the distributor until the marks line up
Tighten the hold-down bolts

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Loosening Distributor

A distributor
wrench may be
needed for bolts
that are hard to
reach

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Adjusting Timing

Turn in the direction

of rotation to retard
Turn against
rotation to advance

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Procedures for
testing ignition
system if there is no
spark

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Factors affecting ignition timing

Various factors affecting ignition timing are:-
Engine load:-
For less load, slower combustion and hence requires more ignition advance.
For more load, faster combustion and hence lesser advance is required.
Engine speed:-
For high speed, engine needs more time for complete combustion and hence requires more
ignition advance.
For low speed, engine needs less time for complete combustion and hence requires lesser
ignition advance.
Engine temperature:-
 Combustion is slower and requires more ignition advance when the engine is cold.
But combustion will be faster requiring lesser ignition advance if the engine is hot.
Cylinder bore:-
for smaller bore the combustion is Faster and lesser the ignition advance required .
But for larger bore the combustion is slow requiring more ignition advance .
Compression pressure:-
For high compression pressure the combustion is faster with lesser ignition advance required.
For low compression pressure the combustion is slower with more ignition advance required
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Components

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dwell angle
• The dwell angle, or cam angle, is the angle
turned by the cam in the distributor from the
time the points close until they open again. Or
• The number of degrees that distributer cam
rotates while the points are closed. or
• Dwell is the length of time current flows in the
coil primary winding.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Example
The oscilloscope shows dwell increases with engine
speed. Technician A says this indicates a faulty pickup
coil in a General Motors distributor. Technician B says
dwell should remain the same in all ignition systems
regardless of engine speed. Who is right?
a. A only
b. B only
c. both A and B
d. neither A nor B

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Air Gap
The air gap (between the signal rotor and pickup
coil when one of the rotor spokes is lined up with
the pickup coil) can be measured with a feeler
gauge.
To adjust
Remove the distributor cap and rotor.
Turn the engine over (using the starter or by
using a socket wrench on the crankshaft pulley
bolt) until one of the four high points on the pole
piece lines up directly with the metallic portion of
the pickup coil.
 Using a feeler gauge, check the gap.
If it is notwith in specification loosen the two adjusting screws and
slide the pickup in or out until the dimension is correct.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Capacitor
As the contact points separate in the
distributor, the flow of current from the
battery through the primary winding of the
coil is infuriated.
The capacitor prevents arc that would takes
place across the separating contact points,
and the points would burn because it
momentarily provides a place for the current
to flow as the points begin to separate.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

The ignition system should be tested whenever you

know or suspect
there is no spark,
not enough spark, or
when the spark is not being delivered at the correct time to
the cylinders.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Ignition system Faults, Symptom, Probable cause and

Corrective action!
System Fault Symptom Probable cause Corrective action

Poor and non When starting, engine Contact breaker points Clean ,reset properly or
starting cranks but does not appear dirty or incorrectly set. replace.
to fire.
Misfiring Engine coughing and Check plugs, points, faulty Clean and reset replace
running rough when leads, distributor cap. if necessary.
accelerating.
Cutting out Vehicle is running on a Loose connection or Check for broken wire
bumpy road suddenly broken wire in low tension and connections.
engine cuts out. circuit.
Hesitation Engine misfires. Vacuum or mechanical Check operation of
advance not working. advance mechanisms.
Detonation High pitched tapping noise Timing too far advanced. Reset ignition timing.
and pinking when vehicle is
accelerated.
Excessive fuel More petrol than usual is Ignition timing too far Correct ignition timing.
consumption required. advanced or retarded.
Overheating Engine seems to be running Ignition timing too far Correct ignition timing.
very hot. retarded.
Running-on Engine continues to run Plug overheating. Fit correct grade of plug.
when switched off. Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

examples
1. The engine cranks normally but will not start. There is
a good spark on the spark test.
Technician A says the trouble is probably in the fuel
system.
Technician B says it probably is in the ignition system.
Who is right?
2. Cross-firing may be caused by all the following
EXCEPT
a. wet distributor cap or rotor
b. defective insulation on secondary cables
c. improper routing of spark-plug cables
d. a fouled spark plug
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Adjustment of injection timing

What is Injection Timing?

Injection timing is the timing of when fuel is injected into the

cylinder, which alters when the combustion takes place.

The time of when fuel is injected can be altered to be injected

at different points in time.

Adjusting injection timing is also often referred to as spill

timing.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Why Adjust Injection Timing?

Usually, injection timing is adjusted to create more

power in the engine.
Timing can be advanced to create more power.
Sometimes, timing is adjusted in the opposite direction
to fix a smoking or a lag problem

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Diesel Engine Injection Timing Adjustments

Advancing
Advancing the timing of an engine means that you are moving
the combustion up in time.
In other words, you are adjusting the timing so that ignition
happens earlier than when the manufacturer originally set it
to occur.
 A timing advance is the number of degrees BTDC that ignition
occurs.
Usually the location is measured in degrees. For example, 10
degrees BTDC.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Diesel Engine Injection Timing Adjustments

Retarding
Retarding the timing of an engine is the opposite of
advancing.
It is when you adjust timing so that ignition occurs
after the manufacturers original specified time.
People will retard the ignition timing of their engines
for various reasons, Some of these reasons are fuel
economy and performance.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

How to Adjust Injection Timing?

There are several ways to adjust injection timing,
depending on the type of engine and how old it is.
The most common ways to adjust injection timing are;
 programming the ECM,
Adjusting the fuel injection pump,
Replacing the camshaft, and
Replacing the cam followers

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Thank You!

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Diagnosis,
Tune Up and
Performance Testing
Part II

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing equipments

Test lamp :-to adjust ignition timing statically &
other tests.

• Tachometer to indicates the engine speed in

revolutions per minute (rpm).

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing....
Dwell angle tester:-to measure dwell angle.

• Ignition timing light:-to adjust ignition timing

dynamically

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing...

Oscilloscope:-to
examine the condition of
the primary and secondary
ignition circuits.

• Engine analyzer:-to
measure various engine
parameters on a single
unit.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing...
Cylinder compression:- is used
to measure the compression
pressure

Cylinder leakage tester :-to

measure the compression pressure
to find places of compression
pressure leakage.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing...
Exhaust-gas analyzer:-to measure the concentration
of exhaust gases (CO, HC, … ).

Vacuum gauge:-to check manifold vacuum

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing...
Stethoscope: A
stethoscope is used to locate
the source of engine and
other noises.

Cooling System Pressure

Tester: used to pressurize
the cooling system and check
for coolant leaks
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing...

Scan Tools; Connected to the

computer through diagnostic
connectors, a scan tool can access
diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs),
run tests to check system
operations, and monitor the activity
of the system.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine testing...

Vacuum Pump; The tool

used to test vacuum
actuated components.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Examples
•Technician A uses a digital volt/ohmmeter to test voltage.
Technician B uses the same tool to test resistance. Who is correct?
a. Technician A
b. Both A and B
c. Technician B d. Neither A nor B
•When using a voltmeter, Technician A connects it across the circuit
being tested. Technician B connects the red lead of the voltmeter to
the more positive side of the circuit. Who is correct?
a. Technician A c. Both A and B
b. Technician B
d. Neither A nor B
•The tests conducted by a scan tool can also be done by some .
a. fuel injector pulse testers
b. exhaust analyzers
c. engine analyzers
With an engine analyzer, you can perform tests on the battery, starting system, charging system,
d.secondary
primary and digitalignition
volt/ohmmeters
circuits, electronic control systems,
Compiled fuelZ.system, emissions system,
By: Iyasu
and engine assembly
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder CompressionTest
Power loss:-
power developed by the engine on its power stroke is
largely dependent on the efficiency of the compression
stroke,
 the compression stroke is used for testing engine condition

Any openings be created by burned valves, leaking

gaskets, or worn piston rings, they reduced amount of
the air-fuel mixture would proportionately reduce the
power output of the engine.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compression Problems (cont'd.)

Interpreting compression test results;

 Two cylinders next to each other have low compression:
indicates blown head gasket
 Burned exhaust valves: can cause of one or more cylinders
with low compression
 All cylinders have low compression: incorrect valve timing
could be the cause (affects breathing or volumetric efficiency)
 Cylinders with compression higher than specified: can result
in carbon buildup
 No Pressure, Piston, Other Engine Damage
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compression Problems (cont'd)

Wet compression test
If the dry/regular compression test reading
indicates low compression on one or more cylinders,
add three squirts of oil to the cylinder and retest.
This is called a wet compression test.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compression Problems (cont'd)

Adding oil helps to seal the piston rings temporarily so
that the defective cylinder shows one of the two possible
results.
1. Adding oil increases the compression pressure.
Possible causes:- Worn cylinder wall or piston.
Broken or stuck piston rings.
2. Adding oil does not increases the compression pressure
Possible causes:- Burned cylinder head gasket.
Worn or burned valves and valve seats.
Damaged or cracked cylinder head.
Incorrect valve clearance adjustment.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compression Test...

A. Perform dry test B. Squirt oil into cylinder C. Measure again

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Test

Measures the amount of air leakage out of a cylinder
Shop air pressure is forced into the cylinder on Top
Dead Center
Pressure gauge reads percentage of leakage out of
the cylinder
Typical maximum leakage is 20%
If leakage exceeds specifications, listen at various
points to isolate leakage!

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Test

Leaks can be pinpointed by listening in different places;

Oil filter/dipstick hole/oil filler cap: leaking rings or pistons

Air cleaner: leaking intake valve

Exhaust: leaking exhaust valve
Bubbles in radiator: blown head gasket or crack in
head or block

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Test

Purpose of cylinder leakage test
To determine the cause of low compression.
It helps to pinpoint places where air escapes or
leakage occurs.
It is an additional test executed when the
compression test has given a bad result for one or
more cylinders

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Tester

Fig.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Test Results

Evaluate and interpret the results:
A. Measuring the percentage of the rate of pressure
drop
Less than 10% : good
Between 10% to 20% : acceptable
Between 20% to 30% : poor
More than 30% : definite problem

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Test Results

B. Measuring of time in which the pressure has
dropped a certain limit
Example: Cylinder is filed with compressed air of
about 7 bars pressure
Test result: Pressure drops from 7 to2 bars in,
 t =10 sec cylinder in good condition,
 t = 8 sec still acceptable condition,
 t < 8 sec indicates excessive leakage

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Leakage Test

Advantages of leakage test
Performed on an engine removed from a
vehicle!
Performance of camshaft will not affect the
results!
Source of leakage pinpointed before engine
disassembly!
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Power Balance Test

The purpose of a cylinder power balance test is to

determine if all cylinders are contributing power
equally.
The equipment measures this by shorting out one
cylinder at a time while the engine is running.
If the engine speed (RPM) does not drop as much for
one cylinder as for other cylinders of the same engine,
then the shorted cylinder must
Compiled By: Iyasube
Z. weaker than the other
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder Power balance test

The basic cylinder balance test can be a great way to
pinpoint a cylinder that's under performing.
When an engine has a rough running condition this is
an indication a cylinder is not working as well as the
other cylinders in the engine.
In a perfect world and on a properly running engine
all cylinders will produce the same amount of energy.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cylinder balance test

PROBLEM: The Engine does not develop the usual power. Its
idle is not smooth and it hardly runs at all. It does not easily
start.
 It is used to see if all of the engine cylinders are producing the same amount
of power.
 To find cylinders with poor contribution
 Raise engine RPM and ground plug wire
 To check the engine's power balance the spark plugs can be
shorted out or disconnected one at a time so the cylinder will
not fire. Then the change in engine speed is documented and
compared.
 RPM drop of suspect cylinder will be less than the rest
 Power balance test using Scan tool By:
Compiled and Oscilloscope
Iyasu Z. is common task.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Summary
The cause of unequal power balance can mean a
problem in the cylinders themselves, as well as in the
piston rings, valve train, head gasket, fuel
system, or even the ignition system.
Little or no decrease in RPMs indicates a weak
cylinder.
If all of the readings are fairly close to each other,
the engine cylinders are in good condition.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Summary

If there may be more than one cylinder

involved with fault.
The probable reasons; a faulty head gasket, cracked
head, or block.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Summary
Each cylinder's
ignition/injection is disabled
at a particular speed (800-
1000 rpm), and the rpm
drop is recorded.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Summary

Some items that could cause the engine speed to remain

steady (no RPM drop) include a:
 defective spark plug wire
 defective or excessively worn spark plug
 faulty fuel injector (if individual injectors for each cylinder)
 burned valve
 broken valve spring
 worn cam lobe affecting the opening of the valves
 bent pushrod (if OHV engine)
 broken rocker arm (if equipped)
 hole in the piston or an excessively worn or damaged piston ring
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Examples
Two technicians are discussing compression test
results. Technician A says that abnormally low
compression in adjacent (neighboring) cylinders most
likely indicates a bad head gasket. Technician B says
that if the reading on the compression tester goes up
after adding oil to the cylinder, the compression rings
are probably worn. Who is right?
a. Technician A only
b. Technician B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Examples
During a cylinder leakage test, a hissing sound is heard coming from the
tailpipe. Technician A says a faulty intake valve will cause this test result.
Technician B says a leaking head gasket will cause this sound at the tailpipe.
Who is correct?
A. Technician A
B. Technician B
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A or B
A wet compression test is being performed on a four cylinder engine. The
number two cylinder's compression is below specifications and remains the
same after injecting oil. This result indicates:
A. Worn piston rings.
B. A faulty valve.
C. A hole in the piston.
D. Excessive carbon buildup on the piston's dome.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Examples
Technician A says that a cylinder leakage test is better than a compression
test for testing the condition of an engine before installing it in a car.
Technician B says that a compression tester is better than a cylinder leakage
tester for testing the condition of an engine with a performance camshaft. Who
is right?
a. Technician A only
b. Technician B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B
An engine has a crack between a water jacket and an oil gallery. Technician A
says that oil will go into the cooling system when the engine is running.
Technician B says that coolant will go into the oil when the engine is off. Who is
right?
a. Technician A only
b. Technician B only
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Examples
A cylinder power balance test is being performed on a
vehicle with sequential fuel injection. Two adjacent
cylinders are under performing. Technician A says this
could be due to a faulty head gasket. Technician B says
this could be due to leaking secondary insulation. Who
is correct?
A. Technician A
B. Technician B
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A or B

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Measuring the Vacuum in the Intake Manifold

Measuring intake manifold vacuum is another way to
diagnose the condition of an engine.
Manifold vacuum is tested with a vacuum gauge.
As the piston moves down, it lowers the pressure of the
air in the cylinder, if the cylinder is sealed.
This lower cylinder pressure is called engine vacuum.

If there is a leak, atmospheric pressure will force air into

the cylinder and the resultant pressure will not be as low.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

How to Measure in Intake Manifold Vacuum?

To measure vacuum, a flexible hose on the vacuum gauge
is connected to a source of manifold vacuum, either on the
manifold or at a point below the throttle plates.
The test is made with the engine cranking or running.
A good vacuum reading is typically at least 16 in. Hg.
However, a reading of 15 to 20 in. Hg (50 to 65 kPa) is
normally acceptable.
If the amount of vacuum produced by each cylinder is the
same, the vacuum gauge will show a steady reading.
 If one or more cylinders are producing different amounts
of vacuum, the gauge will show a fluctuating reading

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Vacuum Leaks

You may tune an engine only to find it won't
idle or run right!
You ever been confronted with an engine that just
doesn't seem to run right no matter what you've done
or replaced! (eg. ignition or fuel problem)
You may be dealing with an engine vacuum leak!

Vacuum leak is bad news because allows

"unmetered" air to enter the engine and upset the
air/fuel ratio.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Vacuum Leaks

If the engine is experiencing any of the following
symptoms, a vacuum leak is probably responsible:
Too fast an idle speed
A rough idle or stalling
Hesitation or misfiring when accelerating
An idle mixture that defies adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Decide What Type of Engine Repair Is Needed

After performing inspections and tests, decide what
part must be repaired or replaced.
Evaluate your pre-teardown diagnosis.

If you still can’t determine the problem, partially

disassemble the engine for further inspection.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve Train Problems

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Burned Valve

Causes an engine miss, a

popping sound at the
throttle body or exhaust!

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Worn Valve Guides and Stems

Causes tapping noise,

oil consumption, spark
plug fouling, or stem
breakage

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Leaking Valve Stem Seal

Lets oil drain through the clearance

between the stem and guide
Oil will be pulled into the intake port
and burned
Causes blue exhaust smoke, especially
after startup

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve Breakage

Caused by valve stem fatigue or by a

broken or weak valve spring
Usually causes severe piston and cylinder
damage

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Stuck Valve

Valve stem rusts or corrodes and

locks in the valve guide
May happen when the engine sits
in storage

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve Float

Excess engine speed, weakened valve

springs, or lifter problems cause the
valves to remain partially open
Usually occurs at higher engine speeds
Engine may miss, pop, or backfire

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Worn Timing Chain

Causes reduced compression and power

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Worn Timing Belt

May break, jump off its sprockets, or

skip a few teeth
Severe lack of power, no-start, and
valve damage can result

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Camshaft Problems

Worn cam lobes

Worn journals
Broken cams
Worn distributor drive gear
Loose or worn fuel pump drive
eccentric

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Cam Lobe Wear

Reduces valve lift and power output

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Rocker Arm and Push Rod Problems

May cause clatter (light tapping noise)

Rocker arms may wear
Push rods may be bent
To check, roll the push rods on a flat
bench

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Valve Train Clearance

Excess clearance can produce noise

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Hydraulic Lifter Problems

Worn or defective hydraulic lifters may produce
valve clatter
To check, remove the valve cover
Try adjusting the valves
If adjustment will not quiet the noise, check for
valve train wear
If the valve train passes, the lifter is bad
Low oil pressure can also cause lifter noise

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Piston Knock (Slap)

Loud, metallic knock that is loudest

when
the engine is cold
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Piston Pin Knock

Too much clearance between the piston

pin and the pin bore or connecting rod
bushing
Makes a double knock
The noise does not change much with
engine load

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Burned Piston

Results from prolonged preignition or

detonation
Causes low compression, blowby, smoking,
and rough idle

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Crankshaft Problems

Journal wear
Main bearing wear
Rod bearing wear
Low oil pressure

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Rod Bearing Knock

Light, regular rapping noise with the engine
floating
Loudest after warm-up
Caused by wear and excessive rod bearing-to-
crankshaft clearance
To locate, short out or disconnect the spark
plug wires, one at a time
The knocking bearing may quiet down when
its cylinder is disabled

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Main Bearing Knock

Similar to rod bearing knock, but slightly deeper in
pitch
More pronounced when the engine is under load
Worn bearings and journals are letting the crankshaft
move up and down
Usually reduces oil pressure

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Main Bearing Knock

To verify, remove the oil pan and pressure test the
lubrication system
Excessive oil flowing out of one or more of the main
bearings implies too much bearing clearance
If the crankshaft is not worn, the bearing inserts may
be replaced

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Excess Crankshaft End Play

Caused by a worn main thrust bearing

May produce a deep knock when
applying or releasing the clutch
On an automatic transmission, a single
thud or knock may occur during
acceleration or deceleration

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Broken Engine Mounts

Allow the engine to move in the

vehicle
To check:
open the hood
engage the parking brake
shift transmission into drive or into gear
with the brakes on, slowly increase engine speed
or release the clutch pedal
if the engine moves excessively, the mounts may
be broken

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

END

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Diagnosis,
Tune Up and
Performance Testing
Part III

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

TESTING EMISSIONS

Testing the quality of the exhaust is both a procedure for

testing emission levels and a diagnostic routine.
An exhaust analyzer is one of the valuable diagnostic tools
for driveability problems.
By looking at the quality of an engine’s exhaust, a technician
is able to look at the effects of the combustion process.
Any defect can cause a change in exhaust quality. The
amount and type of change serves as the basis of diagnostic
work.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

TESTING EMISSIONS

Exhaust Analyzer
Early emission analyzers measured the amount of HCs
and COs in the exhaust. HCs in the exhaust are raw,
unburned fuel.
HC emissions indicate that complete combustion is not
occurring in the engine.
Emissions analyzers measure HC in parts per million
(ppm) or grams per milliliter(g/ml).

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

TESTING EMISSIONS

Exhaust Analyzer
CO is an odorless, toxic gas that
is the product of combustion and is
typically caused by a lack of air
or excessive fuel.
CO is typically measured as a
percent of the total exhaust. Fig. The analyzer’s probe is
inserted into the vehicle’s
tailpipe.
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

TESTING EMISSIONS
Exhaust Analyzer

Most newer analyzers

measures HC, CO, CO2,
O2 and NOx and are
called five-gas
analyzers.

Figure, A five-gas exhaust

analyzer
Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Figure;
The readings of the chemicals
in the exhaust can lead the
technician to the cause of a
driveability problem!

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Sources of Emissions

Evaporation from the fuel tank.

Blow-by gases which escape from the crankcase.
Tail pipe emissions.
Carburetor evaporation from the float bowl on old cars.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Three Major Pollutants

Hydrocarbons (HC)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) air burns against itself.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Pollutants
Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide (CO)
Unburned fuel produces hydrocarbons (HC)
High combustion temperatures produce oxides of nitrogen (NOX)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Other Exhaust Gases

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a product of complete
combustion.
 Therefore the higher the level of CO2 the more efficient the
engine is running.
Oxygen (O2) level in the exhaust indicates the fuel-air
mixture.
High O2=lean
Low O2=Rich

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Three Ways to Control Pollution

A. Improve combustion
B. Capture the vapors and re-burn them.
C. Treat the exhaust.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Three Reasons for Gas Analysis

Identify engine performance and mechanical

T
problems
Test the running efficiency of the engine
Test for exhaust emissions against government
standards

O Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Combustion Chemistry and Gas Analysis

The combustion process releases the energy stored in the fuel

Fuels consist basically of carbon(C) and hydrogen(H)
referred to as hydrocarbons (HC).
Under ideal conditions of combustion all of the HCs would
be converted to H2O, CO2 and heat.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Combustion Chemistry and Gas Analysis.

Unfortunately this complete combustion is rarely if
ever achieved
Short burn times, continuously changing mixture
ratios and air temperatures, and combustion chamber
quenching produce conditions which give rise to the
formation of pollutants

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exhaust Gas Analysis

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Measuring Exhaust Emissions

4 Gas Analyzer
HC, CO, CO2, O2

5 Gas Analyzer
HC, CO, CO2, O2, NOx

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Gas Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool

Gas analysis is a quick and accurate way to determine the
running conditions of an engine
By observing the 5 gas readings and understanding their
relationship to each other you can diagnose the 3 major engine
areas:
Fuel delivery
Ignition
Engine Mechanics

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

High HC Only

Hydrocarbons are unburned fuel. This can be caused

by:
Ignition Timing (advance and retarding )
Vacuum Leaks (hoses, brake booster, manifold, etc.)
Ignition (misfires, coil breakdown, etc.)
Mechanical (low compression, bad cam, etc.)
Catalytic Converter Failures

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

High CO Only
Carbon Monoxide is a result of incorrect fuel/air mixtures.
Causes include:
For Carburetors (float level, power circuit, choke circuit)
For Injection (injectors, pressure regulator, temp sensor,)
For Both Systems (air filter, PCV, O2 sensor,

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

High Nox Only

NOX is caused by high combustion chamber temperatures.
Checks:
EGR (valve, controls, solenoids, passages, vacuum hoses)
Ignition Timing ( retard and advance)
Engine Temperature (cooling system fan, restricted exhaust,
Thermostat)
Vacuum Leaks (hoses, booster, etc)
Mechanical (carbon deposits, etc)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

High CO and HC

Normally, when HC and CO are high it is the result of a

CO failure driving the HC high.
Correct for high CO first (Excessive fuel, restricted air,
Evap., etc.)
If HC is still high, test as high HC (ignition, timing,
mechanical, etc.)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

High CO and Nox

These problems are normally incompatible. If they occur on the
same test they will most likely occur at different points on the drive
cycle
Correct CO failure first
Retest and locate NOX failure in drive cycle and correct as NOX
failure only

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

HC and NoX
High HC and NOX normally occur as the result of a lean
mixture and misfire. Check for:
Lean run (vacuum leaks, mixture problems, fuel delivery,
etc.)
Mechanical (oil burning can cause high combustion
chamber temperatures)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

CO, HC and NOX

This is a complete breakdown of the emission systems or multiple
failures. Check:
Catalytic Converter (missing, damaged)
PCM (closed loop, wiring, etc.)
Drive cycle ( if failures occur at different points diagnose each failure
separately)
If the battery has been disconnected, then the vehicle
may have to be driven under conditions that allow the
PCM to conduct monitor tests.
This drive pattern is called a drive cycle.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Vapor Control System Service

PCV Valve
The PCV valve has two functions:
1. To regulate the amount of vapor
entering the intake manifold at various
engine speeds.
2. Prevent damage from backfire.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

PCV Valve at Idle Speed

Idle speed

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

PCV Valve at Cruising Speed

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

PCV Valve during BACKFIRE

or when the Engine is OFF

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

PCV Service
Replace PCV valve every 30,000 miles.
Clean the breather filter if applicable. The valve can
be cleaned also if you don’t want to replace it.
Inspect hoses for proper routing and deterioration.
Check the air cleaner housing for oil build up.
Check PCV system function.
1) Use the PCV vacuum tester.
2) Use the tachometer and look for RPM drop.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

PCV Trouble-Shooting Notes

Defective PCV system can cause big

time vacuum leaks.
This can lead to a very fast idle speed or stalling.

If the valve or hoses get clogged the

vapors back-up into the air cleaner
clogging it too and puts oil in the air
cleaner housing.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Fuel Tank Evaporative Controls

Captures HC evaporation from
the fuel tank.
Seals the gas tank and store
the vapors in a charcoal
canister.
Vapor are purged to the intake
manifold when the engine is
running.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Evaporative Service
Some charcoal canisters have a filter under them that
needs to be replaced every 30,000 miles.
Inspect the hoses for proper routing and
deterioration.
Check to gas cap.
Use the scan tool to check the status of the purge
control solenoid or control valves.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Heated Air Intake Systems

Warms-up inlet air around exhaust manifold.

Enhances fuel evaporation for better combustion.
Maintains a 120˚F air temp.
Prevents throttle icing.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Heated Air Intake Service

Inspect system for proper hose routing, hose
condition and connections.
Check vacuum diaphragm for proper operation.
Check blend door for proper movement.
Check thermostat for proper operation.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

Intake manifold EGR valve
System allows exhaust
gas (water vapor) to
flow from the exhaust
manifold to the intake
manifold. This cools
the fuel mixture and
reduces NOx emissions.

Transfer tube Exhaust manifold

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

In addition to NOx reduction, EGR has potential
applications.
Some of these include:
imparting knock resistance and reducing the need for high load fuel
enrichment in SI engines
aiding vaporization of liquid fuels in SI engines
as an enabler for closed cycle diesel engines,
for improving the ignition quality of difficult-to-ignite fuels in diesel
engines
for improving the performance of SCR catalysts

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

EGR Valve

ØConventional vacuum
diaphragm style.
ØElectronic (solenoid)
From exhaust

To intake manifold

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

EGR Controls
EGR not necessary when the engine is cold
or idling. Since NOx forms only from
excessive combustion chamber temperatures.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

EGR Service

Checking valve for proper operation.

Inspect hoses for proper routing, condition and
connections.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

TREATING EXHAUST GAS

Air Injection Systems

Catalytic Converters

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Catalytic Converter

Converts HC, CO, NOx into H O, CO , O & N

² ² ² ²
Uses rare metals to create a catalytic action.
What is a catalyst?
Single bed or two-way converters.
Dual bed or three-way converters.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Single bed

Most common construction Older GM style

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Three Types of Converters

Air injection tube
ØTwo way converter. (Single bed)
ØThree-way converter. (Dual bed)
ØThree-way converter with/air.

flow

Oxidation catalyst Reduction catalyst

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Typical Three-Way Converter

Reduction Catalyst
NOx reduction

Oxidation Catalyst
Burns CO & HC

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Testing Catalytic Converters

• Visual inspection on hoist. Check heat shields, air pipes
pipe integrity.
• Mallet test for loose substrate.
• Exhaust back-pressure test.
• Cat. test using the Gas Analyzer.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Air Pump or Air Injection Systems

Pumps fresh air into the exhaust
manifold to burn up any HC or CO
still present in the exhaust.
Acts as an after burner.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Basic Parts
ØAir Pump
ØHoses
ØDiverter
ØCheck valves
ØMetal injection
tubing

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Air Pump

ØBelt driven vane pump.

ØPumps fresh air into the
exhaust manifold or the
catalytic converter.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine smoke diagnosis

Blue
Blue exhaust indicates that the engine is burning oil.
Oil is getting into the combustion chamber either past the
piston rings or past the valve stem seals.
Blue smoke only after start-up is usually due to defective
valve stem seals.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine smoke diagnosis

Black
Black exhaust smoke is due to excessive fuel being
burned in the combustion chamber.
Typical causes include a defective or mis adjusted
carburetor, leaking fuel injector, or excessive fuel pump
pressure.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine smoke diagnosis

White (steam)
White smoke or steam from the exhaust is normal during
cold weather and represents condensed steam.
Every engine creates about one gallon of water for each
gallon of gasoline burned.
If the steam from the exhaust is excessive, then water
(coolant) is getting into the combustion chamber.
Typical causes include a defective cylinder head gasket, a
cracked cylinder head, or in severe cases, a cracked block.

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exmples
1. Losses caused due to leakage of combustion
products past the cyliner onto the crankcase are
termed as:
a. Flowby losses
b. Followby losses
c. Blowby losses
d. Passby losses
2.Which of the following symptoms shows that the
combustion is necessarily complete?
e. Presence of free carbon in exhaust
f. presence of CO in exhaust
g. presnece of CO2 in exhaust
h. Presnce of nitrogen in exhaust

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exmples
3. The heat energy released is measured with the help of
a) Energy meter
b) Thermometer
c) Calorimeter
d) Anemometer
4. Technician A says if combustion in an engine is not
perfect, the exhaust gas will have HC and CO in it.
Technician B says it will also have CO2 and H2O in it.
Who is right?
a. Technician A
b. Technician B
c. both A and B
d. neither A nor B

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Exmples
5. Pollutants produced by the engine include
a. water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and NOx
b. carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx
c. carbon monoxide, HC, and NOx
d. water, HC, and NOx
6. Warming the fuel with a fuel heater reduces the
possibility that
a. wax in the fuel will plug the filters
b. the glow plugs will overheat
c. the coolant will freeze
d. the engine will start

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Thanks!

Compiled By: Iyasu Z.

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Diagnosis,
Tune Up and
Performance Testing
Part IV
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance

Introduction
An engine performance test is a type of test performed on
an engine to determine the the brake torque, brake power and
the amount of fuel consumed by the engine for a given range
of speed.
It is also used to diagnose and determine the problems within
an engine.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance Parameters

Engine performance is an indication of the degree of
success of the engine performs its assigned task!
The performance of an engine is evaluated on the basis
of the following :
a. Specific Fuel Consumption
b. Brake Mean Effective Pressure
c. Specific Power Output
d. Specific Weight
e. Exhaust Smoke and Other Emissions
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance Parameters

 For the evaluation of an engine performance few more parameters are chosen
and the effect of various operating conditions, design concepts and modifications
on these parameters are studied.
The basic performance parameters are the following :
a. Power and Mechanical Efficiency.
b. Mean Effective Pressure and Torque.
c. Specific Output.
d. Volumetric Efficiency.
e. Fuel-air Ratio.
f. Specific Fuel Consumption.
g. Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance.
h. Exhaust Smoke and Other Emissions.
i. Specific Weight.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance Curves

An engine performance testing is the major work performed on an
engine for its production, repair and adjustment.
It can be done by fitting the engine to a vehicle and trying it out on the road. But the
engine road testing is quite difficult and expensive.

Therefore, it is convenient and economical performing the test in the

laboratory by mounting the engine on a test bed with a controlled
load.
In order to check the performance and behavior; the engine speed,
load, fuel consumption, temperature of engine oil and working parts,
heat given off by the cooling system, exhaust temperature, nature of
the exhaust gases etc. are checked and recorded.
For testing and recording, different types of devices used are engine indicators
dynamometers.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance Curves

The characteristics so determined are tabulated and,
a suitable performance curves are plotted.

The curves of engine brake

power, torque and fuel
consumption plotted on a
base of engine speed are
called engine performance
curves
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance Curves

These curves are obtained from an engine performance
test. The curves can be obtained at full-load or part-load
engine operation.
These curves are used:-
to verify the validity of data used in design
to obtain information which can not be determined by calculations
to specify the customer regarding the engine rated power in comparison
to guaranteed fuel consumption
to check, adjust and repair engine parts
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
A dynamometer is an instrument used to measure force or torque
T and hence the engine brake power Pb.
The brake power of an engine is the useful power available at the crankshaft.
It is measured by running the engine against some form of absorption brake, hence
its name.

The engine is clamped on a test bed and the shaft is connected to

the dynamometer rotor. The rotor is coupled mechanically,
hydraulically or electro magnetically to a stator.
The value of engine power so determined is called the brake power Pb. It is this
power delivered by the engine to the load.

There are different types of dynamometers; rope brake, prone

brake, hydraulic brake, electrical dynamometers etc.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Mechanically operated dynamometers

a) a rope brake dynamometer

•The engine is mounted and clamped on a test bed.
•The shaft is then coupled to the dynamometer rotor.
•The rotor in turn is connected to the rope brake.

Tb = ( W-S ) D/2 .......... D=(dpully +drope)/2

Pb = ( 2πNTb ) / 60

Where, N is the engine speed in RPM

Fig. A rope brake arrangement
S is tension in spring (N)
W load (N)
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Mechanically operated
dynamometers
a) a rope brake
dynamometer
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Mechanically operated dynamometers
b) a prony brake dynamometer:-
It consists of brake shoes made of wood and are damped on to the rim of
the brake wheel by means of the bolts.
A load bar extends from the top of the brake and a load carrier attached to
the end of the load bar.
Weight kept on this load carrier is balanced by the torque reaction in the
shoes. The load arm is kept horizontal to keep the arm length constant.

Tb = W L
Pb = ( 2πNT ) / 60

Fig. a prony brake arrangement

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Mechanically operated dynamometers
b) a prony brake dynamometer:-
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Hydraulically operated dynamometers
A hydraulic type dynamometer is generally used for high speed engines. It consists of a rotor
running in a casing through which water flows steadily via the inlet and outlet pipes.
The amount of load and, hence, the torque absorbed by the dynamometer can be varied by
controlling the flow of water. As the length of the torque arm, together with the static load and
spring balance reading, is known, the torque on the casing can be determined.
This is balanced by the torque transmitted by the engine.
W = S+W1 is the effective load
T = WL
Pb = ( 2πNT)/60
= ( 2πN WL)/60
= ( WN)/K
where, K = 60 / ( 2πL) is a constant
S is the spring balance reading
W1 is the static load
A hydraulic brake arrangement
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Hydraulically operated dynamometers
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Exrcieces
1. An engine working on the four stroke cycle was coupled to a prony brake
dynamometer having a torque arm length of 0.56m. When the engine was running at
3000rev/min the effective load on the dynamometer was found to be 160N. Calculate
the brake horse power developed by the engine.

2. A six-cylinder, four stroke petrol engine was coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer.

The engine developed maximum power at a speed of 4800 rev/min and the combined
static load and spring balance reading was found to be 285 N. If the constant K for the
dynamometer is 16. Determine,
i. brake torque Tb andNbrake
( rpm power Pb
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
)
ii. brake torque Tb and brake power Pb for engine speed of,
Tb
( Nm )
Pb( kW
)
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Eddy Current Dynamometer
An eddy current dynamometer is an
electromechanical energy conversion device, which
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
An eddy current dynamometer is a special device with
fewer losses, high efficiency, and more versatile as
compared to the conventional mechanical
dynamometer.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Advantages
The advantages of eddy current dynamometer are
It is more efficient as compared to conventional mechanical dynamometer
due to low frictional losses.
 Its structure is simple
It can be operated more conveniently as compared to conventional
dynamometers
It has a fast dynamic response because of low rotational inertia.
Due to the absence of huge windings, the number of copper losses is less.
It can be connected to an external control unit easily to monitor the flow of
currents and even control it.
The braking torque is very high
It is highly precise and stable
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dynamometers
Applications
The major applications are
 Performance testing of the internal combustion engine
 Used in small power motor
 Automobile transmission parts
 Gas turbines
 Water turbines
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Chassis Dynamometers
Chassis dynamometers are torque measuring devices that measure what is
produced by the movement of a vehicle's wheels.
The purpose of chassis dynamometers is to simulate road conditions, including all the forces that attack a
vehicle during operation.

The test includes accelerating, braking, and decelerating the test vehicle to
get the necessary data.
The basic types of chassis dynamometers are:
Inertia - Inertia dynamometers use flywheel inertia to measure acceleration
rates to calculate the resultant torque.
Absorption - Power absorption dynamometers measure and absorb the
power from an engine.
Absorbed power is dissipated as heat, which is measured by an absorption dynamometer using a Prony
brake dynamometer, rope brake dynamometer, eddy current dynamometer, or hydraulic dynamometer.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Chassis Dynamometers
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Testing
In order to determine the performance characteristics
of a motor vehicle engine it is necessary to conduct a
series of tests on that engine.
In factories and workshops, these tests are usually
carried out with the engine running on a test bed.
The characteristics so determined are tabulated and,
where possible, suitable performance curves are plotted.
These curves are of utmost value to the engineer and the technician,
especially when the engine is being developed and malfunctioned.
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Testing
Types of tests

There are two types of tests,

Commercial test
Thermodynamic test
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Testing
Commercial test
Commercial tests are carried out with the following
objectives,
to determine the rated power output with respect to the fuel
consumption
to know the overload carrying capacity of the engine
to determine the quantity of fuel required for different engine operating
conditions
to check the steadiness of an engine under various loads
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Testing
Experimental arrangement

1. Engine
2. Fluid friction dynamo meter
3. Pendulum weighing machine
4. Control panel
5. Flow meter
6. Tachometer
7. Coolant temperature gauge
8. Oil temperature gauge
9. Torque meter
10. Oil Pressure gauge
11. Auxiliary cooling system
(Ventilator)
12. Ignition / Starter switch
13. Throttle control button
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Testing
Thermodynamic test
Thermodynamics tests are carried out,
To compare the actual performance with that of theoretical or ideal performance.
To diagnose and determine the problems within an engine.
To determine the efficiencies and draw power flow diagrams and heat balance
sheets.

During a thermodynamic test, different measurements

are taken:-
i. Indicated horse power
ii. Brake horse power
iii. Rate of fuel consumption
iv. Calorific value of fuel
v. Heat carried away by exhaust gases
vi. Heat carried away by cooling water
vii. Engine room temperature, pressure and humidity
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Engine Performance Problems

Engine performance over time

MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Hesitation

The engine does not accelerate

normally
Flat spot before developing power
Often a temporarily lean condition
Causes:
faulty acceleration-related components
faulty throttle position sensor
faulty accelerator pump on carbureted systems
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Stumbling

Engine misses, causing jerking on

acceleration
Causes:
faulty oxygen sensor
faulty throttle position sensor
faulty engine coolant temperature sensor
intermittent electrical problems causing loss of
power to systems
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Surging

Engine power fluctuates up and down

with a continuous, soft jerking motion
while driving at a steady speed
Causes:
extremely lean fuel injection or carburetor
problems with the ignition or computer control
systems
problems with an electronically controlled automatic
transmission
intermittent electrical problems
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Backfiring

Air-fuel mixture igniting in the intake

manifold or exhaust system
Loud bang or pop sound
Causes:
incorrect ignition timing, crossed spark plug wires,
or a cracked distributor cap
faulty ignition coil
faulty throttle position sensor or computer
faulty air injection system
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Dieseling or Run-On

The engine fails to shut off, keeps firing

after the ignition has been turned off
Causes:
high idle speed, overheated engine, low octane fuel,
or cylinder carbon buildup
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Pinging (Spark Knock)

Metallic tapping or light knocking

sound on acceleration under load
Abnormal combustion (preignition,
detonation, or spark knock)
Causes:
low octane fuel
advanced ignition timing
carbon buildup
overheating
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Vapor Lock

Fuel is overheated, forming bubbles

that upset mixture control
Causes stalling, hard starting, or loss of
power
Causes:
too much engine heat transferring into the fuel
fuel line close to hot engine parts
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Fuel Line Freeze

Moisture in the fuel turns to ice

Blocks the filters and sharp bends in the
fuel system
Prevents engine operation
Diesel fuel can form wax in cold
weather
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Poor Fuel Economy

Vehicle uses too much fuel for the distance driven
Causes:
rich air-fuel mixture
engine miss
incorrect ignition timing
fuel leakage
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

Lack of Power

Sluggish engine, causes vehicle to

accelerate slowly
Causes:
fuel system problems
ignition system problems
emission control problems
engine mechanical problems
MfM/ATTC/ATD Engine diagnosis, tune up and performance testing Engine Tune-up and
(AUTO 5315) Adjustment

end of the

LESSON !