Polymers and nano-Materials for
Electronic and Photonic Packaging
Applications
C.P. Wong
Regents’ Professor
and Charles Smithgall Institute Endowed Chair
School of Materials Science & Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332-0245
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Term paper topics (Reminder)
1. High Performance Epoxies for FC Underfills and
EMC Applications
2. Thermally Conductive yet Electrically Insulating
Adhesives for TIM 1 and TIM 2 Applications
• Term paper topic, outline and references due on
Jan. 30
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LECTURE IV-V POLYMERS
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Organic, Inorganic, and Polymer Chemistry
Definition of:
• Organic Chemistry
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Polymer Chemistry
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Type of Polymers
• Monomers • Cyclo-matrix Polymers
• • Homopolymers
Dimers
• Copolymers (two or more different
• Trimers monomers)
• Oligomers - Random, Alternating
• Linear Polymers Block
• • Terpolymers (contain 3 different
Branched Polymers
monomer units)
• Crosslinked Ploymers • Graft Copolymers
• Stars and Dendrimers • Telechelic Polymers
• Cyclolinear Polymers (Reactive group at one or both end
• of its chain – block copolymers,
Ladder Polymers stars and dendrimers)
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Polymerizations
• Free radical (Chain initiation, propagation & termination)
• Condensation
• Ionic (cationic and anionic) and co-ordination (Ziegler-
Natta Catalyst)
• Addition
• Ring Opening Metathesis (transition metal catalyst)
• Step Growth & Chain Growth
• Radiation (X-rays, gamma-rays)
• Living (Ionic)
• Group Transfer
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Step and Chain Growth Polymerizations
1) Step Growth Polymerization:
-Monomers react to form dimers, dimers can react with dimers and so
on
-Disappearance of the monomer at an early stage of polymerization
-Broad mol. wt.
-Polymer mol. wt. raises steadily during the reaction
2) Chain Growth Polymerization:
-Chain growth takes place only at the ends of a few “initiated” chains
-Monomer conc. decrease steadily throughout the rx (reaction mixture
contains only monomers and high polymer)
-Polymer mol. wt. does not increase appreciably after the initial rapid
propagation
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Important Condensation Polymers
• Polyester
Example
• Polyamide Poly(12-hydroxystearic acid)
Poly(hexamethylene adipamide), nylon 6,6
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Important Condensation Polymers
• Polyurethane
Poly(tetramethylene hexamethylene urethane), Spandex, Perlon U
• Polycarbonate
Poly(4,4-isopropylidenediphyenylene carbonate), bisphenol A polycarbonate, lexan
• Inorganic
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) 18
Molecular Weight Characterization
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Factors That Affect Tg and Other
Physical Properties of Polymers
b c d
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• Elements and bond types in the main chain determine the intrinsic
mobility of the chain via the torsional barrier
• Shape and rigidity of the side groups affect chain flexibility via side
group steric interference effects
• Free volume between side groups on the same or neighboring
chains influences the Tg – the more free volume present, the easier
it is for chain motion to occur
• Side-group regularity and symmetry along the chain favor efficient
chain-packing arrangements that lead to reduced free volume,
formation of microcrystallites, and the generation of thermally
labile, van der Waals “cross-links”
• Side-groups provide sites for the formation of covalent, ionic, or
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coordination cross-links
Four Typical Methods to Obtain the
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
1) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2) Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
3) Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)
4) Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA)
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