CHAPTER 10

The Mole: A Measurement of

Matter
10.1 The Mole: A Measurement of
Matter
• There are times that counting the amount
of a substance can be very time consuming,
because the objects you are counting are
so small. Imagine counting all the grains
of sugar you baked into a cake. It would
take a really long time! The mole (mol) is
one of the seven base units in the SI
system and allows us to easily measures
the amount of particles in a substance,
even though they are very small.
Avagadro’s Number
• 6.02 x 1023 is called New Conversion
Avogadro’s number. It is Factor!
named after Amadeo 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
Avogadro who did work in representative
the 1800’s that allowed particles
6.02 x 1023 to be calculated
and is equal to one mole.
• The mole is the “chemist’s
dozen”. It is a convenient
way to count extremely
large numbers of atoms,
molecules or ions.
Representative Particles
• The form in which a substance exists is its
“representative particle”.
• Representative particles can be atoms,
ions, molecules, formula units, or
anything else.
Representative
Substance
Particle
Element Atom
Ion Ion
Ionic Compound Formula Unit
Molecular Molecule
Just What is a Mole?
• Just as a dozen is 12 representative
particles, a mole is 6.02 x 1023
representative particles.
• Ex.
▫ 1 mole Fe = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Fe
▫ 1 mole H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023
molecules of water
▫ 1 mole Na+ ions = 6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions
▫ 1 mole eggs = 6.02 x 1023 eggs
You can have a mole
of ANYTHING!!
So how big is a Mole?
6.02 X 1023 Watermelon Seeds:
Would be found inside a melon slightly larger than the moon.

6.02 X 1023 Donut Holes:

Would cover the earth and be 5 miles (8 km) deep.

6.02 X 1023 Pennies:

Would make at least 7 stacks that would reach the moon.

6.02 X 1023 Grains of Sand:

Would be more than all of the sand on Miami Beach.

6.02 X 1023 Blood Cells:

Would be more than the total number of blood cells
found in every human on earth.
Diatomic Elements
• Certain elements are only stable in pairs or with other
elements in a compound. These elements are called the
diatomic elements and their representative particle is the
molecule.
• There are 7 diatomic elements:
▫ Hydrogen (H2)
▫ bromine (Br2)
▫ oxygen (O2)
▫ nitrogen (N2)
▫ chlorine (Cl2)
▫ iodine (I2)
▫ fluorine (F2).
• (Memory trick: H. BrONClIF or 7th Heaven)
• We will always write the diatomic elements as pairs unless
Solving Problems with
Avagadro’s Number
•We work these problems
using dimensional analysis.
•1 mole = 6.02 x 1023
representative particles
#1. How many moles are
1.20 x 1025 atoms of phosphorous?

1.20 x 1025 1 mol P

atoms P 6.02 x 1023 atoms
P

19.9 mol
P
#2. How many atoms are in 0.750
mol of Zn?
0.750 mol 6.02 x 1023 atoms
Zn Zn 1 mol Zn

4.52 x 1023 atoms

Zn
#3. How many molecules are in
0.400 mol N2O5?
6.02 x
0.400 mol 10 23
molecules N2O5
Q: What did Avogadro teach his
N 2 O5 1 mole
students in math class? N2O5

A: Moletiplication

2.41 x 1023
molecules
#4. How many moles are
contained in 1.20 x 1024 molecules
CO2?
1.20 x 10
24
molec 1 mol CO2
CO2 6.02 x 1023 molecules
CO2

= 1.99 moles
CO2
#5. How many ammonium ions
are in 0.036 mol ammonium
phosphate? (NH4)3PO4
0.036 mol 6.02 x 1023 3 NH4+
(NH4)3PO4 f. u. ions
(NH 4)3PO4
1 mole 1 f.u.
(NH4)3PO4 (NH4)3PO
4
= 6.5 x 1022
ions
#6. How many total carbon atoms are in a mixture of 3.00
mol acetylene (C2H2) and 0.700 mol carbon monoxide?
3.00 mol C2H2 6.02 x 1023 molec 2 C atoms
C2H12 mol C H 1 molec C2H2
2 2

= 3.61 x 1024
0.700 mol CO 6.02 x 1023 molec atoms
CO C1 C atom
1 mol CO 1 molec CO
= 4.21 x 1023 atoms C
3.61 x 1024 atoms + 4.21 x 1023 atoms =
4.03 x 1024 atoms C
10.2 Mole-
Mass and
Mole-
Volume
Relationshi
ps
Gram atomic mass (gam)
• The atomic mass of an
element in grams.
• The mass of one mole of
atoms of a monatomic
element
• Use the periodic table and
take masses to 0.01 g
▫Ex. C =12.01 g = mass of
6.02 x 1023 atoms
• 12.01 g/mol is the gram
atomic mass of carbon
Gram molecular mass (gmm)
• mass of one mole of a molecule
• sum of the atomic masses of each atom in
the molecule
• 1 mol H2O: 2 mol H
1 mol O
= 2 x 1.01 g H/mol = 2.02 g
= 1 x 16.00 g O/mol = 16.00 g
18.02 g H2O
#7. What is the gram molecular
mass of CH3OH?

C 1 x 12.01 = 12.01
H 4 x 1.01 = 4.04
O 1 x 16.00 = 16.00
32.05
g
Gram formula mass (gfm)
• The mass of one
mole of an ionic
compound
• The sum of the
atomic masses of
each atom in a
formula unit
• A formula unit is a
compound made
up of a metal and
a non-metal
#8. What is the gfm of magnesium
phosphate?

Mg3(PO4)2
3 mol Mg 3 x 24.31 g = 72.93 g
2 mol P 2 x 30.97 g = 61.94 g
8 mol O 8 x 16.00 g = 128.00 g

262.87 g
Terminology Summary
Mass Used Example
terminology For
Gram atomic Atoms What is the
mass mass of
Zn?
Gram Molecule What is the
molecular s (2 or mass of
mass more CO2?
non-
metals
together)
Gram Formula What is the
formula units mass of
mass (metal MgF2?
and
nonmetal
combinat
#9. What is the molar mass of
ammonium sulfate?

(NH4)2SO4
2 mol N 2 x 14.01 =
28.02
8 mol H 8x 1.01 =
8.08
1 mol S 1 x 32.07 =
32.07
4 mol O 4 x 16.00 =
Mole – Mass
Conversions

New Conversion
factor!

1 mol = gfm
#10. Find the mass in grams
of 3.32 mol of K.

3.32 mol 39.10 g K

K 1 mol K

= 1.30 x 10 g2

K
#11. Find the mass in grams of
15.0 mol of sulfuric acid.
H2SO4
H: 2 x 1.01 =
2.02
S: 1 x 32.06 =
32.07
O: 4 x 16.00= 64.00
15.0 mol H2SO498.09 g H2SO4 = 1470
98.09
g 1 mol g
#12. Find the number of moles in
187 g of aluminum.

187 g Al 1 mol
Al
26.98 g
Al
= 6.93 mol
Al
#13. Find the number of moles in
11.0 g of methane (CH4).

CH4 = (12.01 + 4.04 =

16.05 g)
11.0 g 1 mol
CH4 CH4
16.05 g CH4
= 0.685 mol
CH
Multi-step
Mole
Problems
Using multiple conversion factors.
#14. Calculate the number of
molecules present in 4.29 g of
nitrogen dioxide.

4.29g NO2 1 mol NO2 6.02x1023 NO2

46.01 g mc1 mol NO 2
NO2

5.61 x 1022
=
molecules NO2
#15. Calculate the number of moles of
sulfur atoms present in 2.01g of
sodium sulfide.

2.01g Na2S 1mol Na2S 1 mol S

atoms
78.05g Na2S 1 mol
Na2S = 0.0258 mol S
atoms
Let’s Talk About Those Moles!
• Mole Bonus
▫ Make a mole
▫ Bring a mole food
▫ Make a mole poster
▫ Other???
#16. Calculate the mass in grams
of 2.49 x 1020 carbon dioxide
molecules.
2.49x1020 CO2
44.01 g CO2
mc 1 mol CO2
6.02x1023 CO2 mc 1 mol CO2

= 0.0182 g CO2
#17. Calculate the grams of
carbon in 12.2 mol of sucrose,
C12H22O11.
12.2 mol
12 mol C 12.01 g C
C12H22O11
1 mol
1 mol C
C12H22O11

1760 g C
Molar
Volume of
a Gas
• The volume of a gas is usually measured at
0oC and 1 atmosphere of pressure. This is
called standard temperature and pressure
(STP).
• At STP, one mole of any gas has a volume of
22.4 L.
▫22.4 L is called the molar volume of a gas.
▫22.4 L of a gas at STP contains 6.02 x 1023
particles of the gas.
▫22.4 L of a gas has a mass equal to the gfm
Using the Molar Volume of a Gas
• New conversion
factor!
• 1 mol of any gas at
STP = 22.4 L
• This is used for
GASES ONLY!
#18. What is the volume (liters)
at STP of 0.960 mol of methane,
CH4?
0.960 mol 22.4 L CH4
CH4 1 mol
CH4

= 21.5 L
CH4
#19. At STP, how many moles are
in 0.542 mL of neon gas?
0.542 mL Ne 1 L Ne 1
mol Ne
1000 mL Ne
22.4 L Ne = 2.42 x 10-5 mol
Ne
Gas Density
• If we know the
density of a gas in g/L
at STP, we can
calculate the gfm of
the gas (or visa versa)
• Molar volume x
density =
• 22.4 L x g = g
• molliter mol
#20. The density of nitrogen gas
at STP is 1.25 g/L. Find the gfm of
nitrogen gas.
1.25 g 22.4 L
1 L 1 mol
=28.0 g/mol
N2
#21. Calculate the density of
sulfur dioxide gas at STP.
SO2 = 64.07
g/mol
64.07 gSO 1 mol
2
SO2
1 mol SO2 22.4 L
SO2 = 2.860
g/L
Bellwork
• Take ONE piece of gum
and take the mass on a
balance to two decimal READ
places. Weigh the gum THIS!
IN THE WRAPPER. Write 
the value down… Have a
seat when you are done
so that I know you are
finished. 
• DO NOT EAT YOUR
GUM, YET! And…get a
calculator.
10.3 Percent Composition and
Chemical Formulas
• Percent Composition
• The percent each element makes up, by
mass, in a compound
▫percent = (part divided by total) x 100
▫Can be used as the number of grams of
the element per 100 grams of the
compound
#22. Find the % composition for a
compound that is formed from 222.6 g of
Na and 77.4 g O.
222.6g Na + 77.4 g O = 300.0
g total

222.6 g Na x 100 =
74.2% Na
300.0g total

77.4 g O x 100 =
25.8% O
#23. What is the percent
composition of calcium
Ca(Cacetate?
2H3O2)2

Ca 1 x 40.08= 40.08
x 100 = 25.34%
158.18 g Ca
C 4 x 12.01 = 48.04
158.18 g
x 100 = 30.37%
H 6 x 1.01 = 6.06 C
158.18 g
O 4 x 16.00= 64.00
x 100 = 3.83%
H
Calculating Empirical Formulas
• Empirical formula - lowest whole number
ratio of the elements in a compound
▫It may or may not be the same as the
molecular formula.
 Ex. H2O is both the empirical & molecular
formula
 H2O2 is a molecular formula while HO is the
empirical formula for H2O2.
 Steps to calculate empirical
[Link]:
Find moles of each element.
2. Set up mole ratio.
3. Simplify mole ratio (divide
Memory Trick: % to
by smallest). If your answers
mass, mass to moles,
are not in whole
divide numbers,
by smallest and
you must multiply by ‘till whole!
round
2,3,4,or 5 to get whole
numbers.
4. Use mole ratio as subscripts
in the formula.
If given % composition,
assume 100 g of compound.
#24. A compound is 79.8% C and
20.2% H. Find its empirical
formula.
79.8gC 1mol C
= 6.64 mol /6.64 = 1
12.01 g C
C
20.2 g H 1 mol H
= 20.0 mol /6.64 = 3
1.01 g H
H
CH3
Bellwork
• Please work through problem 25 on your
notes. Be ready to show your work! 

• Today we will:
▫ Complete notes
▫ Look over HW3 and 4 and answer any
questions.
▫ Reminder! Rice Lab is due tomorrow, with
all calculations complete!
#25. An oxide of aluminum is formed by the
complete reaction of 4.151g of aluminum with
3.692 g of oxygen. Calculate the empirical
formula for this compound.

4.151g Al 1 mol Al = 0.1539 mol Al= 1x 2

26.98 g Al 0.1539 =2
3.692g O 1 mol O = 0.2308 mol
= 1.5x 2
16.00 g O O0.1539 =3

Al2O
Calculating Molecular Formulas
• Molecular formulas are the actual formulas.
They may be the same as the empirical
formula or a multiple of it.
• To find the multiple (n), take the gram
formulas mass (gfm) and divide by the
empirical formula mass (efm):
• Multiply each subscript in the empirical
formula by n to get the molecular formula.
n = gfm
efm
#26. A white powder is analyzed and
found to have the empirical formula P2O5.
The compound has a molar mass of 283.9
g. What is the compound’s molecular
formula?
P O = 142.00 g/mol
2 5

gfm/efm

283.9 g/mol
142.00 g/mol =2

2(P2O5) = P4O10
27. A compound used as an additive for gasoline to help prevent
engine knock shows the following percentage composition:
71.65% Cl 24.27% C 4.07% H
The molar mass is known to be 98.96 g. Determine the empirical
formula and the molecular formula for this compound.

71.65 g Cl 1 mol Cl = 2.021 mol/2.021 = 1

Cl
35.45 g Cl /2.021 = 1
24.27g C 1 mol C = 2.021 mol
C /2.021 = 2
12.01 g C
4.07g H 1 mol H = 4.030 mol
H
1.01 g H
Happy Birthday Mrs.
Elder!!!
Combustion
Analysis
28. Complete combustion (reaction with O2) of a sample
of propane gas (contains only C and H) produced 2.641 g
of CO2 and 1.442 g of water as the only products. Find
the empirical formula for propane.
2.641g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C =
0.06001 mol C
1.442g H2O 144.01
mol Hg2OCO2 2 1mol
molHCO=
2 0.1600

mol H 18.02g H2O 1 mol

H2O
0.06001 mol C
0.06001
= 1 x 3 = 3
0.1600 mol H = 8 3 CH
0.06001
= 2.67x 3
8
#29. Suppose you isolate an acid from
clover leaves and know that it
contains only the elements C, H, and
O. Heating 0.513g of the acid in
oxygen produces 0.501g of CO2 and
0.103g of H2O. What is the empirical
formula of the acid? Given that
another experiment has shown that
the molar mass of the acid is
90.04g/mol, what is its molecular
formula?
0.501g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C 12.01gC
44.01g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C= 0.137 g
C in cmpd
0.103g H2O 1 mol H2O 2 mol H 1.01g H
18.02g H2O 1 mol H2O 1 mol H=
0.0115 g H in
0.513 g cmpd - (0.137 g+ 0.0115 g)= 0.365 g Ocompound

0.365g O 1 mol O = 0.0228 mol O

0.0114 = 1.98 = 2
16.00 g O
0.137g C 1 mol C = 0.0114 mol C EF:
0.0114 =1
12.01 g C
0.01155g H 1 mol H = 0.0114 mol H
CHO2
=1
1.01 g H 0.0114
efm = 12.01 + 1.01 + 32.00 = 45.0
90.04/45.02 = 2 C2H2O4
#30. Dianabol is one of the anabolic
steroids that has been used by some
athletes to increase the size and
strength of their muscles. It is
similar to the male hormone
testosterone. Some studies indicate
that the desired effects of the drug
are minimal, and the side effects,
which include sterility and increased
risk of liver cancer and heart
disease, keep most people from
using it. The molecular formula of
Dianabol, which consists of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, can be
determined using the data from two
different experiments. In the first
experiment, 14.765 g of Dianabol is
burned, and 43.257 g CO2 and
12.395 g H2O are formed. In the
second experiment, the molecular
43.257g CO2 1 mol CO2 1 mol C 12.01gC
44.01g CO 2 1 mol CO2 1 mol = 11.80 g C
in cmpd

12.395g H2O 1 mol H2O 2 mol H 1.01g H

18.02g H 2O 1 mol H2O 1 mol H= 1.39 g
H in cmpd
1.577g O 1 mol O = 0.0988 mol=O1
14.765g compound - (11.80
16.00 g + 1.39 g) = 1.58g O in
g O 0.0988
compound
11.787g C 1 mol C = 0.9825 mol C Ef:
= 10 C H O
12.01 g C0.0988 10 14
1.391g H 1 mol H = 1.38 mol H= 14
1.01 g H0.0988
efm = 150.24
300.44/150.24= C20H28O2