© McGraw Hill 1

Example
Use the node voltage method to find the currents shown in
this circuit.

© McGraw Hill 2
 Node voltage method:
• Step 2 – Pick and label a reference node; then label
the node voltages at the remaining essential nodes.

© McGraw Hill 3
 Node voltage method:
• Step 3 – Write a KC L equation for every nonreference
essential node.

v  50 v  0 v  0
At v :    3 0
5 10 40

© McGraw Hill 4
 Node voltage method:
• Step 4 – Solve the equations to find the node-voltage values.

v  50 v  0 v  0
   3 0
5 10 40
1 1 1  50
 v     3 
 5 10 40  5

 1 1 1   50 
 (40)  v      (40)  3 
  5 10 40    5 
 v (8  4  1) 120  400

 v  520 13  40 V

© McGraw Hill 5
 Node voltage method:
• Step 5 – Solve the circuit using node voltages from Step 4.

50  40
ia  2 A
5
40  0
ib  4 A
10
40  0
ic  1 A
40

© McGraw Hill 6
 Node voltage method:
Check that the power balances:
50  40
ia  2 A
5
40  0
ib  4 A
10
40  0
ic  1 A
40
p50V  (50)(2)  100 W

p5  5(2)2  20 W p10  (40)2 10 160 W

p40  (40)2 40  40 W p3A  (40)(3)  120 W

 p  100  20  160  40  120 0

© McGraw Hill 7
 Example
Node voltage method:
• Find the two voltages and the current indicated.

© McGraw Hill 8
 Node voltage method:

• Step 3 – Write a KC L equation for every nonreference essential node.

• Step 4 – Solve the equations to find the node-voltage values.

v1 v v  v2
At v1:  15   1  1 0
60 15 5
v 2  v1 v 2
At v 2 :   5 0
5 2
 1 1 1  1
Standard form: v1      v 2    15
 60 15 5   5
 1  1 1
v1     v 2     5
 5  5 2
Calculator solution: v1  60 V; v 2 10 V

© McGraw Hill 9
 Node voltage method (continued):
• Step 5 – Solve the circuit using node voltages from Step 4.

Calculate i1 : i1  (60  10) 10 A

5

© McGraw Hill 10
 Node voltage method (continued):
• Check that the power balances

2
p15 A  (15)(60)  900 W; p60  60  60 W;
60
2
p15  60
2
 240 W; p5  (60  10)  500 W;
15 5
2
p2 10  50 W; p5 A  (5)(10)  50 W
2
 p  900  60  240  500  50  50  0
© McGraw Hill 11
 Example:
Node voltage method:
• Find the power associated with the current source.

© McGraw Hill 12
 Node voltage method:

• Step 3 – Write a K C L equation for every nonreference essential node.

• Step 4 – Solve the equations to find the node-voltage values.

v v  45
KCL at v :  2   0
50 1 4
 1 1 45
Standard form: v    2 
 50 5  5
  1 1 45  550
Solving: (50)  v    2    v (1  10) 100  450  v   50 V
  50 5  5  11

© McGraw Hill 13
 Power for the current source: p2A  (50)(2)  100 W

© McGraw Hill 14
© McGraw Hill 15
 Example:
Node voltage method with dependent sources:
• Find the power associated with each source.

© McGraw Hill 16
 Node voltage method with dependent sources:

ν1  50 ν1 ν1  ν 2
KCL at ν1:    3i1 0
6 8 2
ν 2  ν1 ν 2
KCL at ν 2 :   5  3i1 0
2 4

© McGraw Hill 17
 KC L at  1:  1  50   1   1   2  3i1 0 KC L at  2 :  2   1   2  5  3i1 0
6 8 2 2 4
50   1
dep. source constraint: i1 
6
 1(1 6  1 8  1 2)  2 (  1 2) i1(  3) 50 6
Std form:  1(  1 2)  2 (1 2  1 4) i1(3) 5
 1(1 6)  2 (0) i1(1) 50 6

Solving:  1 32 V;  1 16 V; i1 3 A

© McGraw Hill 18
 From the power balance, we
find the power for each source.

Component Equation p[W]

50 V −(3)(50) −150
5A −(5)(16) −80
Dep. Source −[3(3)](32 – 16) −144
3  6 
2
6
6 Ohms.
Open Parenthesis 3 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 6 Close Parenthesis.

54
32 – 16 
2
2 Open Parenthesis 32 minus 16 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 2.

/2 128
2 Ohms.

8 32 
2
/8
Open Parenthesis 32 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 8.

128
8 Ohms.

16 
2
4
4 Ohms.

/4
Open Parenthesis 16 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 4.

64

© McGraw Hill 19
 Example:
Node voltage method with a voltage source alone in a
branch:
• Find the voltage  o .

© McGraw Hill 20
© McGraw Hill 21
 Node voltage method with a voltage source alone in a branch:
• Step 3 (write the KC L and constraint equations) and Step 4
(solve the equations):
 o  10 o  o  20i 
At  o :   0
10 40 20

10   o 10  20i 
constraint: i   
10 30
 1 1 1   20  10
vo      i   
 10 40 20   20  10
Std. form:  1  20  10 10
vo    i   1    
 10   30  10 30

Solution:  o 24 V; i   3.2 A

© McGraw Hill 22
 Power balance:

Component Equation p [W]

10 V −(10)(−3.2) 32
−[−3.2 – 24/40]
Dep. Source [  20[20(−3.2)]
(  3.2) – 10]2 / 30
−243.2
30 
10 
30 Ohms.

24 – 10  / 10
2
Open SquareBracket negative 20 Open Parenthesis negative 3.2 Close Parenthesis minus 10 Close SquareBracket squared divided by 30.

97.2
10 Ohms.

20  [24  20(  3.2)]2 / 20

Open Parenthesis 24 minus 10 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 10.

19.6
40 
20 Ohms. Open SquareBracket 24 plus 20 Open Parenthesis negative 3.2 Close Parenthesis Close SquareBracket squared divided by 20.

242 / 40
80
40 Ohms. 24 squared divided by 40.

14.4
© McGraw Hill 23
 Example:
Node voltage method with a voltage source between two
non-reference essential nodes:
• Find the voltage  .

© McGraw Hill 24
 Node voltage method with a voltage source between two non-reference
essential nodes:
• Step 3 – Write the KC L equations. To do this, introduce a 4th
unknown, i.

1 1   2
At  1 :  4.8   0
7.5 2.5
 2  1  2
At  2 :   i 0
2.5 10
3  3  12
At  3 :  i   0
2.5 1

Sum the last two equations to eliminate i:

 2  1  2 3  3  12
 i  i   0!
2.5 10 2.5 1

© McGraw Hill 25
 Node voltage method with a supernode:
• Instead of introducing another unknown, combine the two
essential nodes and the voltage source in the branch
between them into a single supernode. Then in Step 3,
write a KC L equation for the supernode and a constraint
equation for the supernode.
1 1   2
At  1 :  4.8   0
7.5 2.5
 2  1  2 3  3  12
At supernode:    0
2.5 10 2.5 1

SN constraint:  3   2 1i x
Dep source constraint: i x   1
7.5

© McGraw Hill 26
 Step 4 – Solve the equations (using standard form):
 1 1   1 
1     2     3 (0)  i x (0) 4.8
 7.5 2.5   2.5 
 1   1 1  1 1
1     2     3     i x (0) 12
 2.5   2.5 10   2.5 1

 1(0)  2 (  1)  3 (1)  i x (  1) 0
 1 
1     2 (0)  3 (0)  i x (1) 0
 7.5 

v1 15 V; v v 2 8 V; v 3 10 V; i x 2 A

© McGraw Hill 27
 Power balance:
10 10  12
i ds   2 A
2.5 1

Component Equation p [W]

4.8 A −(4.8)(15) −72

Dep. Source −(2)(2) −4

12 V (12)(10 – 12)/1 −24

2  7.5 
2
7.5  7.5 Ohms.

30
Open Parenthesis 2 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 7.5 Close Parenthesis.

15 – 8 
2
2.5  (top)
2.5 Ohms Open Parenthesis top Close Parenthesis.

/ 2.5
Open Parenthesis 15 minus 8 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 2.5.

19.6

10  10 Ohms.

8 
2
/ 10
Open Parenthesis 8 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 10.

6.4

2.5  2.5 Ohms.

(10)2 / 2.5 Open Parenthesis 10 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 2.5.

40

1 1 Ohm.

(10 – 12)2 / 1 Open Parenthesis 10 minus 12 Close Parenthesis squared divided by 1.

© McGraw Hill 28
© McGraw Hill 29
 Example:
Find the power associated with the voltage source and the 8  resistor, using
the mesh current method.
Step 3 – Write a KV L equation for
each mesh.
Step 4 – Solve the KV L equations to
find the mesh current values.
i1 mesh:  80  5(i1  i 2 )  26(i1  i 3 ) 0
i 2 mesh: 30(i2 )  90( i 2  i 3 )  5( i 2  i1 ) 0
i 3 mesh: 8(i3 )  26(i 3  i1 )  90(i 3  i 2 ) 0
i1(5  26)  i2 (  5)  i3 (  26) 80
Standard form: i1(  5)  i2 (30  90  5)  i3 (  90) 0
i1(  26)  i2 (  90)  i3 (8  26  90) 0

Solution: i1 5 A; i 2 2 A; i 3 2.5 A

© McGraw Hill 30
 Step 5 – Solve the circuit using mesh
currents from Step 4 to find
component currents, voltages, and
power values. Here we check that
the power balances

Component Equation p[W]

80 V −(5)(80) −400
5
5 Ohms.
(5  2)2 (5)
Open Parenthesis 5 minus 2 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 5 Close Parenthesis.

45
90 
90 Ohms.
(2.5  2)2 (90)
Open Parenthesis 2.5 minus 2 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 90 Close Parenthesis.

22.5
30 
30 Ohms.
(2)2 (30)
Open Parenthesis 2 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 30 Close Parenthesis.

120
26  (5  2.5)2 (26)
26 Ohms. Open Parenthesis 5 minus 2.5 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 26 Close Parenthesis.

162.5
2
8 (2.5) (8)
8 Ohms. Open Parenthesis 2.5 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 8 Close Parenthesis.

50

© McGraw Hill 31
 Example:

Find v o using the mesh current method.

Write the KV L and dependent source

equations (Step 3) and solve them (Step
4).

i1 mesh: 2i1  8(i1  i 2 )  6(i1  i 3 ) 0

i 2 mesh: 5i  8(i 2  i 3 )  8(i 2  i1 ) 0

i 3 mesh: -25  6(i 3  i1 )  8(i 3  i 2 ) 0

constraint: i i3
i1(2  8  6)  i2 (  8)  i3 (  6) 0
Standard form: i1(  8)  i2 (8  8)  i3 (5  8) 0
i1(  6)  i2 (  8)  i3 (6  8) 25

Solution: i1 2.5 A; i 2 2 A; i 3 i 4 A

© McGraw Hill 32
 Example:
Find i a using the mesh current method.

© McGraw Hill 33
  2v  
i a mesh:  75  2( i a  (  10))  5  i a   0
 5
 
 2v  
constraint: v  5  i a  
 5
 
Std. form: ia (2  5)  v  (  2(5) / 5) 75  20
ia (5)  v  (  2 5  1) 0

Solving: i a 15 A; v  25 V

© McGraw Hill 34
 Power balance:
v1 (  10  10) / 1  20 V
v ds v1  v   20  25 5 V
v10 A 75  v ds 75  5 70 V
Component Equation p [W]
75 V −(15)(75) −1125
Dep. source (5)(10) 50
10 A −(70)(10) −700
15  10  2 
2
2
2 Ohms. Open Parenthesis 15 plus 10 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 2 CloseParenthesis.

1250

10  10  1
2
1
1 Ohm. Open Parenthesis 10 plus 10 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 1 CloseParenthesis.

400

5
5 Ohms.

252 5 25 squared divided by 5.

125

© McGraw Hill 35
 Example:

Find the power absorbed by the 1  resistor using the mesh

current method.

© McGraw Hill 36
 supermesh:  10  2i b  2( i b  i c )  2( i a  i c ) 0
i c mesh:  6  1i c  2( i c  i a )  2( i c  i b ) 0
SM constraint: 2 i a  i b
i a (2)  i b (2  2)  i c (  2  2) 10
Std form: i a (  2)  i b (  2)  i c (1  2  2) 6
i a (1)  i b (  1)  i c (0) 2
Solving: i a 7 A; i b 5 A; i c 6 A;

© McGraw Hill 37
 Power balance:
v 2 (7  6)(2) 2 V
v 2A 10  v 2 8 V

Component Equation p [W]

10 V −(7)(10) −70
6V (6)(6) −36
2A (2)(8) 16
2  top 
2 Ohms Open Parenthesis top CloseParenthesis.

5  2 
2
Open Parenthesis 5 Close Parenthesis squared Open Parenthesis 2 CloseParenthesis.

50
2  right  5  6  2 
2
2 Ohms Open Parenthesis right CloseParenthesis. Open Parenthesis 5 minus 6 Close Parenthesis squared multiplied by Open Parenthesis 2 CloseParenthesis.

2
2  middle  7  6  2 
2
2 Ohms Open Parenthesis middle CloseParenthesis. Open Parenthesis 7 minus 6 Close Parenthesis squared Open Parenthesis 2 CloseParenthesis.

2
1 1 Ohm.

(6)2 (1) Open Parenthesis 6 Close Parenthesis squared Open Parenthesis 1 CloseParenthesis.

36

© McGraw Hill 38